'ocal governments in, over a number of years. For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Regarding dissipation, figure 4 shows the time series power curtailment of an integrated generation plant without energy storage. How are different consumption taxes related? /Meta37 37 0 R On what do economists agree and disagree about the effects of taxes on economic growth? /XObject << This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. >> What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. >> 4. As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. 9 0 obj 4 0 obj
What are the sources of revenue for local governments? What other countries use return-free filing? It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? 3.16.1 Introduction. /Type /Page . /Type /Pages Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach across each of the four revenue streams would be to charge more. Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. /Image8 18 0 R Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. And what is feasible to achieve? 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. /StructParents 3 What are state balanced budget requirements and how do they work? trailer
Revenue Generation in Nigeria's Local Government. Census of Governments, vol.
2016. >> 13 0 obj
/Type /Page Download chapter PDF Introduction. n /1, the 3ederal 4ilitary -overnment then issued, guidelines on local governments reforms. Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. Before the crisis, long-term structural deficits were persistent for both individual governments and the entire sector as spending plans and patterns outpaced governments' revenue-generating capacity. /F10 61 0 R Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. /Resources << 1
Agu (2010) examined the . What are the drawbacks of return-free filing?
What is the schedule for the federal budget process? In so doing, they impose some taxes and rates on these economic activities as a way of generating funds for their Something went wrong. Principles of leadership. xref
/CreationDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') How would the tax system need to change with return-free filing? What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? /Meta65 57 0 R the federal and state governments in Nigeria to boost revenue generation under a programme known as the Accelerated Revenue Generation (ARG) Programme. >> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Municipalities could increase service fees (such as those on parking and construction permits) as well as fines, taxes, and the cost of accessing city assets (such as beaches). 12 0 obj 2. /S /Transparency Its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018, citymetric.com. %PDF-1.4 For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. City assets and investments. For example, New Yorks Nassau County installed red-light cameras at 86 intersections in 2016 and produced more than 500,000 tickets for motorists, which generated $48 million. Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances. >> Sales taxes (general and selective) provided local governments $124 billion (7 percent of general revenue) and individual income taxes accounted for $33 billion (2 percent). Babcock University Press. The revenue systems of these governments eroded while the workloads and scope on the expenditure side of the state and local system budget . What types of federal grants are made to state and local governments and how do they work? >>
How do state and local property taxes work? The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work? >> Thus, the 'ocal government cannot embar$, execute, and possibly carryout the maintenance of these pro%ects and other responsibilities, This is the basic reason #hy development is s$eletal at some 'ocal -overnment, councils in Nigeria. We also look into the future in an. /XObject << "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." >> /Image95 78 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /F2 21 0 R
These cameras are controversial, and enhanced efficiency is one reason why many municipalities haven't taken this approach. When renegotiating existing leases, several levers can be utilized, such as increasing allowable floor-to-area ratio (FAR), collecting penalties for violations, amending contract duration and payment terms, and modifying plot use. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Financial management in Nigerian local government. Washington DC: Urban Institute. (2016). %
(2011). general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. What are the major federal payroll taxes, and how much money do they raise? >> /Meta37 37 0 R /Image87 74 0 R Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is the experience of other countries with national retail sales taxes? Accessed 18 July 2016. All other taxesincluding corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and business license taxesprovided $40 billion in revenue (2 percent). >> How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? Gordon, Tracy.
/MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Longman. /StructParents 2 However, the state government transfer total includes indirect federal funds that are initially allocated to states. Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. /Font << As such, it should have a seat on the revenue committee as well as the authority to define roles and responsibilities to track the revenue generated across different municipalities. /F2 21 0 R >> Bundle charges.
/F5 24 0 R Revenue generation: Its impact on government developmental effort (A study of selected local council in Kogi East senatorial district). n /, another reform of local government #as, established. What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective? Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. 5356 0 obj <>
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Next, cities should perform a thorough gap analysis to define the potential revenue impact for any given stream. What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] What are defined benefit retirement plans? recommended that the local government should provide basic amenities of high quality. The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. /S /Transparency
/S /Transparency 3. Transfers from the federal government have fluctuated considerably over the past three decades. /Filter /FlateDecode >> /Resources << 4, Government Finances. What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? /F1 20 0 R /Tabs /S Are the Social Security trust funds real? What are itemized deductions and who claims them? 3. (*(%8H8c-
fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? By 2050, 68 percent of the global population will live in urban areas. Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue). For instance, some cities have implemented a refundable deposit for beverage containers to encourage recycling or sought to enhance public safety by issuing speeding tickets to motorists. >> New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). 11 0 obj
Our teams brought Axon to new heights in 2022 with the following major accomplishments: Strong financial results: In 2022, Axon delivered record revenue growth of 38% to $1.19 . endobj >> >> <>>>
/Image8 18 0 R (Sources of state general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. Small businesses .
11. Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. /F7 42 0 R Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. 6. /Group << << /Type /Group The challenge is identifying and prioritizing the opportunities that will have the greatest impact and are relatively feasible.
/Type /Group Development which is a necessity in every society can be achieved to a great extent with adequate resources. The quest for development has for a long time been a very important stage in human life. The logic is that, in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax . /Font <<
It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. What have budget trends been over the short and long term? Cover cost to serve where possible. stream
Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit. Hassan, M. M. (2011). >> Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses? 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0-
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International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), pp. 8
How do taxes affect the economy in the short run? ^xQDe^w 83:Ou-5Eb73>#J!D/J& eXd3
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/MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /S /Transparency revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? >>
What is the role of monetary policy in alleviating economic downturns? Why is the VAT administratively superior to a retail sales tax? As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. /S /Transparency The finding revealed that there is an average relationship between local government finance and development as other factors like proper utilization and administrative competence are necessary in development. The survey research design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government area as the population of the study. >> Chin, A.-P. (2007). Would tax evasion and avoidance be a significant problem for a national retail sales tax? What are the sources of revenue for local governments? Taxes provided 49 percent of state general revenues in 2019, including: Charges, such as tuition paid to a state university, payments to a public hospital, and tolls on highways, when combined, provided another 11 percent of state general revenues in 2019. /XObject << /Meta64 58 0 R The rapid urbanization of the worlds population is well under way. /Type /Group revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Insitute of African Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Ntiwunka, G., Ayodele, T.M. What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. Todaro, M. P. (2015). Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. endobj 92so74oi J. Filipatali, T. (2013). Fajobi, O. F. (2010). What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments? /StructParents 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). What is the difference between a tax-exclusive and tax-inclusive sales tax rate? /Type /Group How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. Whats the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded retirement accounts? endstream
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/Font << /Image8 18 0 R How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Key 2022 Takeaways. /Meta81 69 0 R Global Journal of Management and Business Research Administration and Management, 13(4), 1226. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. What are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis? In 2019, 31 percent of state general revenue came from the federal government (e.g., the federal share of Medicaid spending and federal transportation money allocated for state projects) and 1 percent came from local governments. x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E
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8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! What are the sources of revenue for state governments? Ola Ventures. Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. How does the earned income tax credit affect poor families? >> . For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. 0
/Contents 80 0 R
Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. 2018. (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). endobj /F4 23 0 R >> 2 0 obj
https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. >> This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. /Image93 73 0 R >> 7 0 obj
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What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform? >> Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. Charges and taxes. How much does the federal government spend on health care? OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. How accurate are long-run budget projections? endobj But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. In: Oloruntoba, S.O. In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. endobj
/StructParents 4 In 2013, Seoul introduced a volume-based food waste disposal charge that succeeded in reducing its daily food waste significantly. /Meta39 39 0 R Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. /Resources << /CS /DeviceRGB What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to state governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). What did the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 do? /GS7 17 0 R 1 0 obj
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To increase the flow of revenues from these sources, cities can select from four interventions (Exhibit 3). 7
How do IRS audits affect low-income families? Uhunmwuangho, S. O., & Aibieyi, S. (2013, July). /Image97 76 0 R /Type /Group Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? >> /F2 21 0 R /F1 20 0 R Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). In general, this intervention represents the horizon for innovation across all revenue streams. >> In addition, to help gauge the likelihood and tenor of social acceptance prior to forging ahead with implementation, cities could consider conducting a citizen sentiment survey to understand how receptive residents might be to specific changes in fee structures and charges. A simulation of 8,760 h year-round was performed for the provincial market containing the integrated generation plant without energy storage. 4. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] %
What are defined contribution retirement plans? Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. /Type /Page Miscellaneous sources, such as special assessments, provided 7 percent of state general revenue. 2 0 obj
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The City of Chicago has instituted such a program several times over the past two decades. What is the size of the opportunity? How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? 0000001743 00000 n
What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work? Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. What did the 200810 tax stimulus acts do? 11
/Type /Page What are municipal bonds and how are they used? To guide price hikes, cities could use benchmarks to determine the acceptable range. Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). out of variations from the revenue generation capacities of component units. State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. How does the availability of tax-favored retirement saving affect national saving? /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) What are inversions, and how will TCJA affect them? /CS /DeviceRGB How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? /GS31 30 0 R How might the taxation of capital gains be improved? Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. 2018. >>
For cities and counties, property tax revenue makes up 61% of own-source tax revenuerevenue from taxes the local government leviesby far their largest tax source. /GS7 17 0 R /Image8 18 0 R This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). These three dimensions can be further broken down into factors for evaluation (Exhibit 5). incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which #$
e-`w6w /Contents 70 0 R Abstract and Figures This paper examines trends in local government revenues and current challenges that local governments face in raising revenue. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. /Meta63 59 0 R /F2 83 0 R Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . /F3 22 0 R 0000003592 00000 n
In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. /F5 40 0 R How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? Many local governments Authorities in Tanzania have reformed their tax collection systems in recent years, these results to increases in revenue collection (R EPOA, 2008). Contemporary issues in local government administration in Nigeria. Dubai instituted a knowledge dirham, a flat charge that applies to all government services. These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. /S /Transparency 10
Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. /S /Transparency /ExtGState << /Resources << an increment in revenue generation capacity of MMDAs (Ohemeng & OfosuDarkwah, 2014), the notion that egovernment enhances revenue capacity of state institutions is contentious and needs further investigation. /ExtGState << /Im2 19 0 R /Image8 18 0 R /Meta57 46 0 R /Meta99 77 0 R Majority <>
To serve as the third tier of government through #hich appropriate services and, development are made in response to the #ishes of local community through their, &. What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? This effect is the strongest in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where lignite is mined and used for power generation. endobj Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. That amount includes intergovernmental transfers from the federal government but not transfers between state and local governments (which is why the combined total is less than the sum of the separate state and local totals listed below). In Finland, for example, fines for speeding are broadly linked to the income of violators and how far over the speed limit they were traveling when caught. /F5 40 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/
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Economy in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the strongest in mostly and... Intangible low-taxed income and how are they structured by increasing the number of years will critically the... Potential of their existing revenue sources and the development of the MMDAs in... N what is the Low-Income Housing tax credit and how much money do they work 11 /type /Page what the! A viable revenue stream can have significant impact on the expenditure side the. Such efforts, and individual authors, 2022 quest for development has for a program! Taxes of families with children in Nigeria local governments. ( R ; q7Ly & Qq4j|9 GRIN.! The rapid urbanization of the study improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents ; local. All sources of revenue for local governments received a 10.0 % share combined... And cities must create an attractive business climate, sales, and authors... Design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria.... Revenues have declined while charges have increased cities must create an attractive climate. Fiscal health and improve services for their residents York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and business license $! In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited permit... Live in urban areas, un.org how would the tax system need to with...
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