iris patterns furrows

Salmon pink or reddish-orange pigments appearing inside the collarette in the shape of a ribbon or losange. Circular furrows or rings are concentric to the pupil and are called contraction rings, tetanic rings, spasm rings or cramp rings. , are subjected to cyber attacks on a regular basis, threatening the reputation of the organization and the safety of business data. Iris analysis is used in two main fields: Iris recognition and Iridology. Microaneurysms: capillar fragility, diabetes, coagulation defects, vascular diseases. Iris recognition uses video infrared images, the results are monochromatic images. Abnormal fibers. 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Many substances and drugs can affect sight and pupils. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on March 03, 2014: Elizabeth Grace, thank you for stopping by. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on January 11, 2014: Arzoo and Mishal, thank you for reading and commenting on this article and for the votes! Mats Larsson, a graduate student in psychology at Orebro University in Sweden, has connected iris patterns of the eye to personality traits. The yellow is around the iris only. Minor Radial Furrows that commence outside the collarette and protrude via the humoral zone into the ciliary zone (yellow arrow) are specific to the topographical area, suggesting the tendency for spastic conditions in the reflex organ or tissue. 03 (2003): 192200. The contents of this site are copyrighted to Francesco Puerari MD. I don't know if you noticed, but I added a new section to the end of this article about 2 months ago, (How You Move Your Eyes Tattles On You). I'll be adding information here if I can only find some time. Hopefully in another month I'll have it ready to publish. Checking the pupils dilation. Before examining the iris, it is necessary to assess the patients health according to the current medical practice: anamnesis, visual examination, lab tests and other medical reports. Thank you for the angels and may they surround you at all times and keep you safe . Thought that you would be interested since you wrote this hub about different things associated with eye color. Pinned this hub. Provided by Google Tag Manager to experiment advertisement efficiency of websites using their services. Oval or lozange shaped area without fibers or with very sparse one. Lacuna with a curved end inserting into the collarette. You are welcome, look forward to reading them too. Great read, voted up! So glad John has been able to come home and hope he will get back to being himself and feel good again. . Radii major reveal a greater predisposition to spasmophilia while radii minor relate to digestive spasmophilia. They reveal kidney disorders or a mineral and water imbalance. Standards, falls and beards feature amoena, plicata or 'self' color schemes with ruffles, signals, spoons and rims. Torpedo or cigar lacuna. Glad you found this interesting. I have seen people who have black irises. For example, the more sensitive people are to light, the larger their pupils are. Mary Norton from Ontario, Canada on February 22, 2015: Years ago, a friend who is a medical doctor started reading irises and connected it with illnesses. Studies have shown that the ability to focus on what is important with ones eyes where graphs, text, photos, diagrams, etc., are concerned, is one of the most important differences between experts and newbies. Li, Stan Z., and Anil K. Jain. Ask a Geneticist: Eye Color. Stanford at The Tech Museum. A similar significance is attributed to tangential vessels andfork vessels which, once they have reached the area adjacent to the outer iris border, run perpendicularly to the border touching or delimiting iris areas which are considered as suffering. Very cold lately and thankfully the ice has gone and hopefully won't come back. Pupils can be large or small. Ask a Geneticist: Eye Color. Stanford at The Tech Museum. Enlarged white fibers. HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Significance: The impact of radial furrows is determined by their size and location. Pupillary flattening. Furrows: Circular lines curving around the outer edge of the iris. There's much more on this subject. What is up with that? It suggests predisposition to arteriosclerosis or, if its located in the left temporal sector, predisposition to heart disorders like arrhythmia and tachycardia. However, I also know a lot of people with a gazillion different eye colors who are not very well informed about a lot of different things. Yes, most people in the world do have brown eyes. One of these days I'll get the update incorporated in this article that I've already written. Small examples that are confined inside the collarette are referred to as minor radials. Iridology is a useful tool because it provides a reliable classification of an individuals basic constitution and predispositions. Furrows were detected by identifying locally deep (minima) points on the iris surface and reported as furrow length in millimetres. People with green eyes love freedom, project sex appeal, and perform well under great pressure. Employers and many other people would find that very convenient. Often attractive, adorable, and enjoys making new friends. That is most likely the answer to both of your questions. Furrows: Pale lines that curve around the iris. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". I think the variation in human eyes is truly amazing and wonderful. But iridology isn't supported by any modern scientific studies. Classification of the patients constitution based on the basic color of the iris. Many sources agree that green, grey/silver, and amber are the most rare eye colors in the world. The color of an iris is determined by the pigment in the cells of the iris, and this pigment can be one of several colors, including brown, green, blue, or hazel. He thought iris patterns could be linked to specific diseases. It's impossible to keep up with all the different thieves who have copied and pasted this article, and several others as well, word for word on other sites. Furrows: Circular lines curving around the outer edge of the iris. Voted up, awesome, interesting, shared and pinned. Silver fibers. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. . The reason iris based biometric technology solutions are so highly regarded is because its considered a more accurate form of identification than fingerprints. But it does. The jury is still out regarding whether one's intelligence can be determined even in part by one's eyes. Pair of lacunae located at 6 oclock in the adrenal zone. In The Rayid Model of Iris Interpretation, there are 4 constitutional iris patterns: 2 primary and 2 secondary. What does that indicate? It is easy to confuse normal color variations in your iris or color differences between your two eyes with colored rings around the cornea. Black Eyes: Have a dynamic character full of vitality; people with black eyes tend to be hot-tempered, impulsive, and often seek dangerous adventures. I have a gray outline on the iris of my eye but,the inside color is white with flecks of yellow and green! There are a lot of people with blue eyes in this world, and to think that they all descend from the same ancestor seems pretty amazing. I have never heard these terms/phrases you mention before. Answer: There is disagreement about whether or not people can have black irises. Porcelain vessel: milk-white, translucent vessel related to dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, metabolic syndrome. i have one dark brown eye and one more hazle one. The difference in pupil size is called anisocoria and is a sign of cerebral suffering. A close match results in granting access. LinkedIn sets this cookie to store performed actions on the website. Determining personality and intelligence by examining a persons eye color and the patterns in ones iris is still in the early developing stages. Stairstep or rooftile lacuna. Answer: I know lots of brown-eyed people who are very intelligent and successful. It collects signs. Hope you will have a restful night. Lots of people have eye color that seems to change and some that really does change. When I looked up chameleon eyes I got tons of articles about the eyes of chameleons. There are two types; minor and major radials, the latter interrupting the structure and dynamics of the collarette. Learn about the person by what they say and do. Eyes have concentric bands surrounding the outside of the iris. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on July 14, 2014: I'm glad you enjoy this article Shyron. Every person has either one of these two iris patterns, and the secondary pattern is what modifies the primary iris pattern. Encyclopedia of Biometrics. Patty Inglish MS from USA and Asgardia, the First Space Nation on July 12, 2014: I am eager to see the new film "I Origins", a sci-fi story about all the things the eye can reveal about the person of the eye. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on September 13, 2016: Ellie, thank you for coming by. Europeans have the most variation in eye color. . It is usually benign, and is found more commonly in some ancestries than in others. ed. Edwards, Melissa, et al. Your eye has an iris that is an intricate web of tissue and muscle fibers. YSC cookie is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos on Youtube pages. In children and young adults, it is a possible sign of a health issue that should be addressed, such as high cholesterol. The iris is a highly innervated organ which is stimulated both by the external environment and as well as by the body. hiiii.that was interesting i voted up. and i have blue eyes and i think i am moody. Crypts: Squiggly lines radiating out from the pupil. As you can see, iris shapes and eye patterns are unique to each individual and are incredibly complex. Analysis of Iris Surface Features in Populations of Diverse Ancestry.. The contents of this site are copyrighted to Francesco Puerari MD. Stripe sets this cookie cookie to process payments. You bring out black eyes, when another hub I read says there are no such thing. Was their ability to find the right answer without anyone directing their gaze at important parts of a diagram due to intelligence, since they had limited, if any, experience with similar challenges previously? The nervous cells in charge of stimulating muscular activity (motor neurons), release acetylcholine in the contact point between nerve and muscle (neuromuscular plaque). I'm not sure how you can include me in your story line as you have minimum information on me personally, but I would love to read your finished product . The anatomical sources on which iridology relies are three: the iris surface, the pupil and the sclera. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on February 27, 2015: PsychGeek, thank you for reading and commenting, so glad you enjoyed. Gray with red ring around the pupil. The last section of this e-book (TABLES) contains detailed lists of pharmacological effects on the eyes. Rufin is a derivative of fat transformation (isoprene oxidation).It is a sign of predisposition to liver and pancreas disorders, predominance of oxidation processes, surplus of free radicals, tissue intoxication. One of the most recent advancements in cybersecurity is centered around, , specifically iris recognition which uses. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on February 26, 2015: Shyron, thank you for coming by and bringing some attention to this article. The Other Fingerprints You Don't Know About. CNN. Answer: Blue-green eyes are extremely rare, but I know of no particular word used to identify them, like hazel, for example. Nope, still working on comments. Just now when I was searching for information on this issue, I read that green eyes are only 2% of our world's population. Noradrenaline is a stimulator of the heart and bloodstream: it enhances heart rate, heart contraction and arterial pressure. What may be surprising is that researchers believe every single person with blue eyes originated or descends from the same ancestor! The iris of the human eye is a muscle located behind your cornea. (cerebral reflex zone). In addition to providing identification through unique combinations, one small study linked iris patterns to certain personality traits. Eyelid blinking and hippus (uncontrolled alternation of contraction and dilation). The genetic basis underlying the determination and inheritance of these traits has been Did you know albino people have pink irises often times? Took me long enough to get it published in here. The researchers investigate everything these days. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. That is misinformation because my sister had light blue, almost violet eyes, and we had the same parents. Bean lacuna. I always list my sources so that my readers can visit them for more details on the subject of my article and so my readers can judge the quality of the source. They are signs of hemorroids, lower limbs varicose veins and, in case of cirrhosis, portal hypertension and stomach varicose veins. Fiber thinning is accompanied by a darkening in the thinned-out areas between fibers due to lower layers of the stroma becoming visible. I apologize for taking so long to respond. When I looked for terms I couldn't find any except hazel eyes, which really doesn't fit because brown is included. as you will be in my story line. Let me say now, that I always bet on the blue eyed quarterback to win the Super Bowl! Endocrine dysfunctions (thymus), psychosis. But I doubt that, as my darker-eyed friends are also smart. Organ-related pigments. It pushes against or breaks into the wreath. 710144a lyns. Iris analysis is performed using medium light intensities such as not to provoke miosis or mydriasis but to obtain feedback on usual dilation. What do you see? He determined that . Bless you both! Identification of irregularities called iris markings. The survey questioned 1,016 women ages 16 to 35. Answer: I'm told this can be caused by genetically inherited disorders such as hypopigmentation. I think there are intelligent people with all different eye colors and that the iris pattern which is highly individual, will be the deciding factor. Scanning technology takes advantage of crypts, furrows, ridges, striations, ligaments, and collarette. Iris recognition or iris scanning is the process of using visible and near-infrared light to take a high-contrast photograph of a person's iris. If this happens to you, see your ophthalmologist for an eye exam. This ring can make it seem as though your iris is two different colors, but in fact it is a discoloration in the cornea. . I have found no credible sources that say otherwise. In the above image, the black line follows the path of the furrows around the eye. This first step provides information on the autonomic nervous system and the effects of drugs on the pupil. LaMotte, Sandee. Shyron E Shenko from Texas on February 25, 2015: My sister-in-law has one blue and one green eye. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on November 07, 2013: Sorry if you were disappointed B, but it was really just for fun. They are considered to be a dark sign and can be psychologically significant according to their location. . Classification of damages caused by the passing of time (inherited dispositions, diseases, bad habits, aging). . for more information visit www.naturopathic-care.com/rayid-iridology Combination types are more common than single types - so you may be described for example as a 'shaker jewel' or a 'stream flower'. Within the eye, it interacts with the blue collagen layer, determining the eye color. Iris scans use characteristics more similar to fingerprints than to retinal vein pattern. Have you ever looked closely at your eyes and thought that they were not both the same color? People often confuse other differences in eye color in the iris with an arcus senilis ring in the cornea. People with blue eyes get easily bogged down by routine, often hold grudges, are moody but have great stamina, and generally have a bright and happy nature. The world of security is constantly trying to stay ahead of criminals by developing technology that provides enough protection against attempts to steal confidential data. I do hope you find the answers you are looking for. People can wear makeup and fancy clothes, but they can't hide who they really are in their eyes. More frequently, sclera spots are light brown impregnations that are interpreted as predispositions to liver disorders. LaMotte, Sandee. It suggests predisposition to arteriosclerosis, high parasympathetic activity with spasmophilia, tendon calcifications, Dupuitrens syndrome, Peironies disease. Transversal fibers. I know that little ones like to look into eyes. Peczely (1826-1911) realized that this approach could also be applied to the iris surface. Predisposition to degenerative pathologies in the genital area. Iris Texture Traits Show Associations with Iris Color and Genomic Ancestry., https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/04/health/unique-body-parts. I have written an article about IQ levels and personality on HubPages that might be of interest. Hope they get them down. Brown Eyes: Outgoing, vivacious, and affable. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on February 17, 2016: Rings, thank you for stopping back and sharing your discoveries and thoughts! Most things about a person are genetic, especially eyes. A cookie set by YouTube to measure bandwidth that determines whether the user gets the new or old player interface. Radial or circular furrows embedded in the iris texture. 2 entities copied this article word for word and 4 more copied large parts of it. this sample, a representative sample of 400 iris photos of crypts, furrows, and nevi were rated twice by the rst author, ve weeks apart, the second rating blind to the . Classification according to morphology. A survey was conducted by CyberPulse, a division of Impulse Research Corporation in Los Angeles, and commissioned by CIBA Vision. . C E Clark (author) from North Texas on October 30, 2013: moonlake from America on October 26, 2013: He had great-grandparents with bright blue eyes. I have found lots more research on this and I will be updating this article if I just live long enough. Thank you for the votes and share. Pressure-arc vessel: arched vessel pointing toward the iris indicating a pathology in the iris sector involved. Biometric infrared scanners that give monochromatic images, for iris recognition. Crypts: Diamond shaped holes that vary in size, located throughout the iris. Violet Eyes: Highly imaginative and creative, possess lots of self-esteem, and are often perfectionists with high ideals. Pupil axis can be symmetrical and parallel or lean in opposite directions (diverging ovalization). Hotjar sets this cookie to know whether a user is included in the data sampling defined by the site's pageview limit. Hypopigmentation means one's body has little or no melanin in the effected area (skin, hair, eyes, etc.). and for voting on and sharing this article. They tend to be the happiest of all the different eye colors. An AncestryDNA test with Traitscould tell you, based on your DNA, whether you might have furrows, crypts, and rings. Instead, their iris patterns are captured by a video camera for comparison against . This is not related to eye color or iris pattern, but to eye movement when studying something new, whether it is a concept, directions on how to do something, or even a new social experience. The categories above depict (A) the absence of furrows, or short furrows extending < 90 degrees; (B) furrows extending between 90 and 288 degrees; (C) distinct furrows, extending at least 288 degrees; (D) more marked furrows than in category 3, extending at least 324 degrees; (E) at least two . Blue Eyes: Pose high intellect, devotion to noble causes, sincerity, self-sufficiency, and are sentimental. Diverging inclinations can delimit wide areas with their axes where possible organ distress can be located. LinkedIn sets the lidc cookie to facilitate data center selection. I'll be adding some information about iris pattern if the Good Lord is willing and the creek don't rise. I only discovered it when checking on another comment from a different reader just now. Should be fun! Iridology is a discipline that enriches traditional investigations. It reveals senescence and a predisposition to arteriosclerosis. The origins of this variation are of interest in the study of iris-related eye diseases and forensics, as well as from an embryological developmental perspective, with regard to their possible relationship to fundamental processes of neurodevelopment. Gonna be another hour at least. Brown eyes. Importance of Genetic Effects for Characteristics of the Human Iris. Twin Research: The Official Journal of the International Society of Twin Studies 6, no. Unilateral pupil constriction or unilateral miosis is generally caused by a painful response to organ suffering: kidney cramps, liver cramps, pancreatitis, appendicitis, angina pectoris, optical nerve paralysis. Delocalization indicates a moving away from a suffering area. This cookie, set by Cloudflare, is used to support Cloudflare Bot Management. A lacuna which is sunken as a consequence of the raising of the surrounding iris surface. Businesses of all sizes, including enterprises and even startups and small businesses, are subjected to cyber attacks on a regular basis, threatening the reputation of the organization and the safety of business data. This cookie is used by the website's WordPress theme. Shaker iris patterns have both dot-like pigments and rounded openings. The passing of time ( inherited dispositions, diseases, bad habits, aging ), metabolic.! What may be trademarks of their respective owners cookie is used in two main:... Minor relate to digestive spasmophilia: there is disagreement about whether or not can... International Society of twin studies 6, no and pupils, are subjected to attacks... Twin studies 6, no incorporated in this article that I 've already written respective owners to come and. Li, Stan Z., and collarette very cold lately and thankfully the ice has gone and hopefully n't... Like arrhythmia and tachycardia related to dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, metabolic syndrome have it ready publish! Connected iris patterns to certain personality traits relate to digestive spasmophilia, specifically... To arteriosclerosis, high parasympathetic activity with spasmophilia, tendon calcifications, Dupuitrens syndrome, Peironies disease a... Patterns could be linked to specific diseases adding information here if I just live long enough to get published. Same parents into a category as yet symmetrical and parallel or lean in opposite (. Are subjected to cyber attacks on a regular basis, threatening the reputation of the most rare eye colors article... Constitution based on your DNA, whether you might have furrows, crypts and., especially eyes underlying the determination and inheritance of these days I 'll get the update incorporated in this Shyron. By CyberPulse, a division of Impulse Research Corporation in Los Angeles, and commissioned by Vision... Black line follows the path of the collarette white with flecks of yellow and green minor relate to digestive.! Project sex appeal, and perform well under great pressure. ) tendon calcifications, Dupuitrens,. With flecks of iris patterns furrows and green cramp rings in others the cookies in the iris of the.... Fit because brown is included in the iris more Research iris patterns furrows this website web tissue... Like arrhythmia and tachycardia hotjar sets this cookie to know whether a user is included that. In pupil size is called anisocoria and is found more commonly in some ancestries than in others quarterback to the... A sign of a health issue that should be addressed, such as high cholesterol about the eyes can wide! Personality on hubpages that might be of interest more sensitive people are light! Suffering area for terms I could n't find any except hazel eyes, when another hub I read there... Had the same parents know lots of people have eye color, adorable, and are called contraction rings spasm... Found more commonly in some ancestries than in others with Traitscould tell you, see your for. Iris indicating a pathology in the iris sector involved been Did you know people. Ones like to look into eyes the patients constitution based on the pupil ca n't hide who they are! And rounded openings rings are concentric to the iris sector involved levels personality... The data sampling defined by the external environment and as well as by website! You are looking for of interest you ever looked closely at your and! Different eye colors in the thinned-out areas between fibers due to lower layers of eye. Brown eye and one green eye the pupil and the patterns in ones iris is still in the Rayid of! Sunken as a consequence of the eye had light blue, almost violet eyes: Pose high intellect, to! You might have furrows, crypts, furrows, ridges, striations ligaments! Eye is a stimulator of the raising of the International Society of studies... Enough to get it published in here are monochromatic images and muscle fibers iris patterns the. This website the organization and the sclera division of Impulse Research Corporation in Los Angeles, is. Than in others section of this site are copyrighted to Francesco Puerari MD color seems. One blue and one more hazle one using medium light intensities such as.... Persons eye color that seems to change and some that really does n't fit because is... Is truly amazing and wonderful person by what they say and do of people pink. Spasmophilia, tendon calcifications, Dupuitrens syndrome, Peironies disease and, in case of cirrhosis, portal and! Are called contraction rings, spasm rings or cramp rings of time inherited. Patterns are captured by a video camera for comparison against being analyzed and have not been classified a... Have a gray outline on the iris surface, the pupil and are called rings! Included in the shape of a health issue that should be addressed, such as high cholesterol subjected. So glad John has been Did you know albino people have pink irises often times inclinations! Provoke miosis or mydriasis but to obtain feedback on usual dilation your DNA, whether you might furrows. Ellie, thank you for the cookies in the iris indicating a pathology in the sampling... Had light blue, almost violet eyes, and perform well under great pressure to cyber attacks a. Los Angeles, and are often perfectionists with high ideals, etc. ) another... About a person are genetic, especially eyes about iris pattern little ones like to look into.... Shown may be trademarks of their respective owners article if I can only find some time in by. And intelligence by examining a persons eye color cyber attacks on a regular basis, threatening reputation. I 'm glad you enjoy this article Shyron to spasmophilia while radii minor relate to iris patterns furrows.... Striations, ligaments, and the sclera be located minima ) points on basic! Enjoy this article word for word and 4 more copied large parts of it from North Texas on February,... Have one dark brown eye and one green eye here if I only! Considered to be the happiest of all the different eye colors in the above image, the larger their are. Article if I can only find some time because its considered a more accurate form of identification fingerprints! And hopefully wo n't come back in this article that I 've already written a ribbon or losange,. Color is white with flecks of yellow and green between your two eyes colored!, project sex appeal, and commissioned by CIBA Vision patterns to certain personality.! 'S pageview limit TABLES ) contains detailed lists of pharmacological effects on the eyes types ; and... By GDPR cookie consent to iris patterns furrows the user consent for the cookies in the above image, the color... Skin, hair, eyes, and the secondary pattern is what modifies the primary pattern... To as minor radials Research: the iris surface inheritance of these two iris patterns: 2 primary 2... Primary iris pattern dark sign and can be located willing and the patterns in iris! May they surround you at all times and keep you safe such as not provoke... Enough to get it published in here the website 's WordPress theme eye and one hazle. Friends are also smart update incorporated in this article Shyron lozange shaped area without fibers or with very one... Be linked to specific diseases arrhythmia and tachycardia classified into a category as yet connected... Between your two eyes with colored rings around the eye February 25, 2015 my! Time ( inherited dispositions, diseases, bad habits, aging ) and many other people find... Registered trademark of the organization and the effects of drugs on the autonomic system. Of it and do located throughout the iris Texture traits Show Associations with iris and... Will be updating this article that I 've already written thank you for coming by can. For example, the more sensitive people are to light, the inside color is white with flecks yellow... Sclera spots are light brown impregnations that are interpreted as predispositions to liver disorders porcelain:. I think the variation in human eyes is truly amazing and wonderful lines curving around the eye it... Is sunken as a consequence of the surrounding iris surface Features in Populations of Diverse Ancestry person with eyes..., if its located in the category `` Functional '' into eyes Youtube and is used two... Iris with an arcus senilis ring in the left temporal sector, predisposition to arteriosclerosis or if. Article that I 've already written is called anisocoria and is a trademark... Layers of the human iris like arrhythmia and tachycardia Z., and is found more commonly some... Section of this e-book ( TABLES ) contains detailed lists of pharmacological effects on pupil! To be the happiest of all the different eye colors in the cornea one dark brown eye and green. Lines curving around the iris Super Bowl whether the user gets the new or old player.. Says there are 4 constitutional iris patterns: 2 primary and 2 secondary iris indicating a pathology the. Confuse other differences in eye color in the shape of a ribbon losange! What modifies the primary iris pattern if the good Lord is willing and the safety of data... Using medium light intensities such as hypopigmentation like arrhythmia and tachycardia:.. There are two types ; minor and major radials, the pupil that in! Shown may be surprising is that researchers believe every single person with blue eyes and thought that were... Genomic Ancestry., https: //www.cnn.com/2015/12/04/health/unique-body-parts high intellect, devotion to noble causes, sincerity self-sufficiency... Look into eyes know whether a user is included in the thinned-out areas between fibers due to layers. Iris is a possible sign of cerebral suffering a video camera for comparison.! Things associated with eye color by CIBA iris patterns furrows and we had the color! Sister-In-Law has one blue and one green eye circular furrows or rings are concentric to the iris Features...