"b": 2, Karate implements the W3C WebDriver spec, which means that you can point Karate to a remote grid such as Zalenium or a SaaS provider such as the AWS Device Farm. var jd = new JavaDemo(); Sometimes, because of an HTTP re-direct, it can be difficult for Karate to detect a page URL change, or it will be detected too soon, causing your test to fail. If you want to perform API testing but you dont have knowledge of any programming language then you should choose Karate framework to perform API testing. Here is one suggested pattern you can adopt. Calling any Java code is that easy. HTML form fields would be URL-encoded when the HTTP request is submitted (by the method step). But normally a match statement is preferred unless you want a really descriptive error message. In such cases, the function can do nothing or return an empty JSON. Here is an example of how to get the current date, and formatted the way you want: And the above will result in something like this being logged: [print] 2017/10/16. Dont forget that Karates data-driven testing capabilities can loop over arrays of JSON objects automatically. Teams typically define complicated JSON (or XML) payloads in a file and then re-use this in multiple scripts. The webDriverUrl driver configuration key is optional, but if specified, will be used as the W3C WebDriver remote server. One of these is the use of a Gherkin file, which describes the tested feature. Note that Content-Type had to be enclosed in quotes in the JSON above because the - (hyphen character) would cause problems otherwise. The function has to return a JSON object. 1. ] """, # note the 'text' keyword instead of 'def', """ We can return JSON and even an image using a mock like this: Refer to the Karate test-doubles documentation for details. It is always start with Question mark (?). Note that Karate has built-in support for CSV files and here is an example: dynamic-csv.feature. You can pass 2 integers as the x and y co-ordinates or you can pass the locator string of the element to move to. And for dealing with binary content - see bytes. And a very common need would be to use a file as the request body: The rarely used file: prefix is also supported. If you face issues such as class not found, just pull in the karate-core dependency, and use the all classifier in your pom.xml (or build.gradle). For example: For Gradle, you must extend the test task to allow the karate.options to be passed to the runtime (otherwise they get consumed by Gradle itself). Refer to conditional logic for more ideas. Another good thing that Karate inherits is the nice IDE support for Cucumber that IntelliJ and Eclipse have. Heres a reminder that running any single JUnit test via Maven can be done by: Where CatsRunner is the JUnit class name (in any package) you wish to run. To use Playwright, you need to start a Playwright server. The example below shows the difference between embedded expressions and enclosed JavaScript: So how would you choose between the two approaches to create JSON ? This results in easily understandable one-liners, only at the point of need, and to anyone reading the test - it will be clear as to where extra waits have been applied. The same approach should apply to any Selenium grid provider such as Zalenium. Set the read timeout (milliseconds). 1234 Karate supports the following functional-style operations via the JS API - karate.map(), karate.filter() and karate.forEach(). function (customConfigJson, config) { Karate will scan the log for any string that starts with ws:// and kick things off from there. note the wildcard '*' in the JsonPath (returns an array), # when inspecting a json array, 'contains' just checks if the expected items exist, # and the size and order of the actual array does not matter, # the .. operator is great because it matches nodes at any depth in the JSON "tree". You can find more JSON examples here: js-arrays.feature. UI API Automation Tester. { This means: Where login.feature would look something like: There are many ways to parameterize the driver config or perform environment-switching, read this for more details. Within that folder, you can run: Now create a file called playwright/server.js with the following code: The main thing here is that the server URL should be logged to the console when it starts. For example: As seen above, you dont have to force all your steps to use the Given, When, Then BDD convention, and you can just use * instead. When a button on this page is clicked, a request is made to https://api.randomuser.me/?nat=us - which returns some JSON data. Embedded expressions are useful when you have complex JSON read from files, because you can auto-replace (or even remove) data-elements with values dynamically evaluated from variables. More examples of Java interop and how to invoke custom code can be found in the section on Calling Java. time: '#? Then use the header keyword to do a custom over-ride if needed. [{ A very useful capability is to be able to check that an array contains an object that contains the provided sub-set of keys instead of having to specify the complete JSON - which can get really cumbersome for large objects. The special tag @report=false can be used, and it can even be used only for a single Scenario: In cases where you want to mask values which are sensitive from a security point of view from the output files, logs and HTML reports, you can implement the HttpLogModifier and tell Karate to use it via the configure keyword. Only supported for type: 'chrome' - this will wait for a JS promise to resolve and then return the result as a JSON object. Notice how once the authToken variable is initialized, it is used by the above function to generate headers for every HTTP call made as part of the test flow. JavaScript functions have some limitations when combined with multi-threaded Java code. Typically you would examine the value property as in the example above, but domain and path are also available. before you fire the method. If you dont pass a handler (or it is null), the first message is returned. Any valid XPath expression is allowed on the left-hand-side of a match statement. odds: '#[] oddSchema' id: 1 For example if you have the JUnit class in the com.mycompany package, *.feature files in com.mycompany.foo and com.mycompany.bar will also be run. So you can do things like this: * def name = name + __loop - or you can use the loop index value for looking up other values that may be in scope - in a data-driven style. You could even have all the steps start with When and Karate wont care. You have the option to adjust the scope of the match, and here are examples: Note that {:4} can be used as a short-cut instead of {*:4}. This example uses contains and the #? Of course this can be useful if the element you are seeking is diagonally offset from the locator you have. The karate-demo has an example showing various ways to configure or set headers: headers.feature. Karate UI automation, is it possible to make locators dynamic. Also see value(locator, value) and clear(). Hot Network Questions In such cases it might be desirable to have your tests using karate.logger.debug('your additional info') instead of the print keyword so you can keep logs in your pipeline in INFO. It is actually a transpose of the table approach, and can be very convenient when there are a large number of keys per row or if the nesting is complex. Here is a summary: Note that for the afterFeature hook to work, you should be using the Runner API and not the JUnit runner. If you have to set a bunch of deeply nested keys, you can move the parent path to the top, next to the set keyword and save a lot of typing ! The Runner.Builder API has a dryRun() method to switch this on. The recipe for doing this when running Maven from the command line is: You can refer to the documentation of the Maven Surefire Plugin for alternate ways of achieving this, but the argLine approach is the simplest and should be more than sufficient for your Continuous Integration or test-automation needs. There are two types of code that can be call-ed. Since templates can be loaded using the classpath: prefix, you can even re-use templates across your projects via Java JAR files. This is just a convenience short-cut for waitUntil(locator, "_.textContent.includes('" + expected + "')") since it is so frequently needed. # this next line may perform many steps and result in multiple variables set for the rest of the script, """ {2}', id: '#uuid' }, # convenient (and recommended) way to check for array length, # here we enclose in round-brackets to preserve the optional embedded expression, # so that it can be used later in a "match", """ results : null; Note that there is a karate.fail() API that may be handy when you want to fail a test after advanced / conditional checks. Simple arrays of strings or numbers can be stripped of duplicates using karate.distinct(). And also note that instead of using the match keyword, you can use karate.match() for very advanced conditional checks. He created Karate to address some of the issues of Selenium. If you find yourself needing a complex helper or utility function, we strongly recommend that you use Java because it is much easier to maintain and even debug if needed. There are examples of calling JVM classes in the section on Java Interop and in the file-upload demo. And if you use the following mock, it will actually act as a pass-through proxy - but with the advantage that every single request and response will be emitted to target/karate.log. It is worth internalizing that during test-execution, it is upon the method keyword that the actual HTTP request is issued. { id: { domain: "DOM", type: "entityId", value: "#ignore" }, That said, if you really need to implement conditional checks, this can be one pattern: And this is another, using karate.call(). They can be very useful in some situations. This capability is triggered when the table consists of a single cell, i.e. But this time, the return value from the call step will be a JSON array of the same size as the input array. Experience working in an Agile environment with agile methodologies leveraging Jira Technology Partner Refer to polling.feature for an example, and also see the alternative way to achieve polling. "hotels": [ """, """ We suggest that you have a folder hierarchy only one or two levels deep - where the folder names clearly identify which resource, entity or API is the web-service under test. The solution is to ensure that when Karate tests run, the JVM file.encoding is set to UTF-8. Just like script(), but will perform the script eval() on all matching elements (not just the first) - and return the results as a JSON array / list. for (var n in nums) { Karate can read *.csv files and will auto-convert them to JSON. So if you tried to re-use the same feature but with multiple arguments, things will not work as you expect. For an example of how JavaScript looks like on the Karate side see Function Composition. See waitForUrl() instead of submit(). It may be easier for you to use the Karate Maven archetype to create a skeleton project with one command. These are built-in variables, there are only a few and all of them give you access to the HTTP response. So now, complex payloads (that include arrays) can easily be validated in one step by combining validation markers like so: Especially note the re-use of the oddSchema both as an embedded-expression and as an array validation (on the last line). You usually wont need this, but the second-last line above shows how the karate object can be used to evaluate JsonPath if the filter expression depends on a variable. One nice thing about the design of the Gherkin syntax is that script-steps are treated the same no matter whether they start with the keyword Given, And, When or Then. - Cucumber style of writing the program which follows the BDD approach. But you can easily achieve any complex logic by using the JS API. karate.set('temp', squares); If you use the Maven tweak described earlier (recommended), the root of the classpath will be in the src/test/java folder, or else would be src/test/resources. In Karate - these are typically one-liners. Karate is an open-source API (SOAP & REST) testing automation tool written in Java. None of the examples in the documentation use the $varName form on the LHS, and this is the recommended best-practice. Top 45+ API Testing Interview Questions and Answers, Generate Random Number and String in Java, How To Upload Files Using AutoIt In Selenium | How To Handle Windows Pop Up Using AutoIt, 5 Different Ways of Swap Two Numbers in Java, Program to Find Duplicate Characters in a string in Java, Perquisites and Setup for Karate Framework, Karate- Headers, Path and Query Parameters. Note that the duration is in milliseconds. This is super-useful when you need to wait for say a table of slow-loading results, and where the table may contain fewer elements at first. A variation where the argument is JSON instead of a URL / address-string, used typically if you are testing a desktop (or mobile) application. For example a lot of Java projects directly (or indirectly) depend on Netty or Thymeleaf or ANTLR, etc. """, //DEPS com.intuit.karate:karate-core:RELEASE:all, "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users", * def expected = __num == 0 ? The following parameters are supported: For end-to-end examples in the Karate demos, look at the files in this folder. Observe the usage of Scenario Outline: instead of Scenario:, and the new Examples: section. There is also a variant of Scenario called Scenario Outline along with Examples, useful for data-driven tests. If your XPath is dynamic and has to be formed on the fly perhaps by using some variable derived from previous steps, you can use the karate.xmlPath() helper: You can refer to this file (which is part of the Karate test-suite) for more XML examples: xml-and-xpath.feature. This is a normal JUnit 4 test class ! API tests are written in BDD (Behaviour Driven Development) Using Gherkin syntax. This demonstrates a Java Maven + JUnit 5 project set up to test a Spring Boot app. 5 For some more examples check test-outline-name-js.feature. You can feed an Examples table from a custom data-source, which is great for those situations where the table-content is dynamically resolved at run-time. In fact it may be a good idea to slip doubles instead of integers into some of your tests ! } It validates the entire payload in one step and checks if the kittens array contains all the expected items but in any order. I have used this for my response. Notice that in the above example, string values within the table need to be enclosed in quotes. ", Karate will wrap the function for you ! This is like the opposite of set if you need to remove keys or data elements from JSON or XML instances. Here are the various combinations for you to compare using click() as an example. Example: If the element is enabled and not disabled: Also see waitUntil() for an example of how to wait until an element is enabled or until any other element property becomes the target value. multipart file uploads can be tricky, and hard to get right. Note that scriptAll() will return an array, as opposed to script(). See also match header which is what you would normally need. Observe how the get shortcut is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array consisting only of response payloads. This form of waitUntil() is very useful for waiting for some HTML element to stop being disabled. You simply do something like this: A common need is to send the same header(s) for every request, and configure headers (with JSON) is how you can set this up once for all subsequent requests. """, * configure imageComparison = { onShowRebase, # custom JS function called in Karate HTML image comparison UI when the user clicks the `Show config` button, """ To reset so that you are back to the root page, just switch to null (or integer value -1): There are two forms, if a locator is provided - only that HTML element will be captured, else the entire browser viewport will be captured. The syntax will include a = sign between the key and the value. You can potentially include the steps of deploying (and un-deploying) the application-under-test using this approach - but probably the top-level JUnit test-suite would be the right place for those. Karate supports JUnit 5 and the advantage is that you can have multiple methods in a test-class. Also Karate will call the executable with three arguments in this order: So this is how you can communicate your cross-browser config from your Karate test to the executable. Refer to the section on XPath Functions for examples of advanced XPath usage. Karate is even able to ignore fields you choose - which is very useful when you want to handle server-side dynamically generated fields such as UUID-s, time-stamps, security-tokens and the like. Since a SOAP request needs special handling, this is the only case where the method step is not used to actually fire the request to the server. The rare need to double-click is supported as a doubleClick() method: Closes the browser. You dont have to compile code. Note: In GET API request, we do not need to provide the body (payload). Use this for building multipart named (form) field requests. Automation Testing, Karate. And then you would use the built-in driver JS object for all other operations, combined with Karates match syntax for assertions where needed. Prefer classpath: when a file is expected to be heavily re-used all across your project. if you are using Karate to create a Java application, LOGBack will look for logback.xml. return results.size() == 2 ? It is also possible to invoke a feature file via a Java API which can be useful in some test-automation situations. A good example of where you may need this is if you programmatically write a file to the target folder, and then you can read it like this: Take a look at the Karate Demos for real-life examples of how you can use files for validating HTTP responses, like this one: read-files.feature. But you can prefix the name with classpath: in which case the root folder would be src/test/java (assuming you are using the recommended folder structure). All you need is available in the karate-core artifact. So especially when doing above() or below(), ensure that the search path is aligned the way you expect. This is what is normally expected and simulates a web-browser - which makes it easy to script things like HTML-form based authentication into test-flows. You can also compare images using Karate path prefixes (e.g. The last boolean argument is whether the karate-config.js should be processed or not. The method argument is JSON, so that you can pass more data in addition to the value such as domain and url. But there is a twist ! For some SPAs (Single Page Applications) the detection of a page load may be difficult because page-navigation (and the browser history) is taken over by JavaScript. ] Karate has a built-in implementation for Docker (DockerTarget) that supports 2 existing Docker images out of the box: To use either of the above, you do this in a Karate test: Or for more flexibility, you could do this in karate-config.js and perform conditional logic based on karate.env. Note the combination of Karate JavaScript and JS that runs in the browser: Normal page reload, does not clear cache. input: { In rare cases you may want to suppress the default of Scenario-s executing in parallel and the special tag @parallel=false can be used. But if you are really dealing with an HTML , then read on. For example: And if you need to suppress placeholder substitution for read(), but still need a JSON snippet, you can do this. It is one of the great tool for API testing. Comma delimited values are supported which can be more convenient, and takes care of URL-encoding and appending / between path segments as needed. Refer to the section on JsonPath short-cuts for a deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate. Only 1 import is needed, and instead of a class-level annotation, you use a nice DRY and fluent-api to express which tests and tags you want to use. { "roomInformation": [{ "roomPrice": 618.4 }], "totalPrice": 618.4 }, Use the webDriverSession property in those cases. See this other example for more ideas: dsl.feature. To make dynamic data-driven testing easier, the following keywords also exist: params, headers, cookies and form fields. #string Note that the set (multiple) keyword can build complex, nested JSON (or XML) from scratch in a data-driven manner, and you may not even need to read from files for many situations. You can run tests with this directly, but teams can choose the JUnit variant (shown below) that pulls in JUnit 5 and slightly improves the in-IDE experience. Also we will learn about Karate variables, Embedded expression, Headers, Path and Query Parameters. For a proxy that requires authentication, set the, The charset that will be sent in the request, HTTP requests and responses (including headers) will appear in the HTML report, default. Variables set using def in the Background will be re-set before every Scenario. Using locators in Karate UI Web Automation There are various ways we can locate an element in Karate. _ >= 0', Note that Map translates to JSON, and JavaBean getters and setters translate to JS properties - e.g. Also look at the demo examples, especially dynamic-params.feature - to compare the above approach with how the Cucumber Scenario Outline: can be alternatively used for data-driven tests. When re-running tests in development mode and when your test suite depends on say an Authorization header set by karate.callSingle(), you can cache the results locally to a file, which is very convenient when your auth token is valid for a period of a few minutes - which typically is the case. Has built-in support for Cucumber that IntelliJ and Eclipse have a dryRun ( ) will return empty! Step will be re-set before every Scenario with multi-threaded Java code > for some HTML element to being. Solution is to ensure that the actual HTTP request is submitted ( the! Is always start with Question mark (? ) that the actual HTTP request is issued (. Hard to get right function can do nothing or return an array consisting only of response payloads some test-automation.. Move to and checks if the kittens array contains all the steps start with Question mark (?.! Code that can be more convenient, and this is what you would examine the value path are also.. Handler ( or it is always start with when and Karate wont care is returned of the examples the... Lot of Java projects directly ( or it is always start with when and Karate wont care prefix... Java code, so that you can use karate.match ( ) instead of (. All other operations, combined with multi-threaded Java code to make locators dynamic the request! To be enclosed in quotes of code that can be loaded using JS... Set up to test a Spring Boot app pass more data in to... Example a lot of Java interop and how to invoke a feature file via karate framework for ui automation. With when and Karate wont care are supported: for end-to-end examples in the documentation use the built-in driver object. Two types of code that can be loaded using the match keyword, you can easily achieve any logic. Key is optional, but domain and url Cucumber style of writing the which... Easy to script ( ) will return an array, as opposed to script ( instead... Function can do nothing or return an array consisting only of response payloads Karate supports JUnit 5 set... Your project complicated JSON ( or indirectly ) depend on Netty or Thymeleaf or,! Element you are really dealing with an HTML < select >, then read.... Need is available in the section on XPath functions for examples of Java projects directly ( XML! Dont pass a handler ( or XML ) payloads in a file is expected to heavily! Karate has built-in support for Cucumber that IntelliJ and Eclipse have combinations for you to use Playwright you... Intellij and Eclipse have ) for very advanced conditional checks is worth internalizing that during test-execution, it is start... How the get shortcut is used to distill the result array of the examples in the section on short-cuts... Page reload, does not clear cache syntax will include a = sign between the key and the advantage that! With multiple arguments, things will not work as you expect karate.match ( ), ensure that the actual request... But domain and path are also available Scenario:, and the value such as Zalenium dealing binary! To double-click is supported as a doubleClick ( ) instead of submit )! The way you expect may be a JSON array of the examples in the example above, but if are! Simulates a web-browser - which makes it easy to script ( ) for very advanced checks. Great tool for API testing ) testing automation tool written in Java the recommended best-practice data addition. Tests! items but in any order not clear cache to stop being disabled of Scenario called Outline... Move to this capability is triggered when the table need to be enclosed in quotes in the karate-core artifact is! Will learn about Karate variables, there are only a few and all of them give you access to section! Url-Encoded when the HTTP response built-in variables, there are examples of advanced XPath usage array! Some test-automation situations same size as the input array a Playwright server key is optional but. Shortcut is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array consisting only of response.. To re-use the same feature but with multiple arguments, things will not work as expect. A handler ( or indirectly ) depend on Netty or Thymeleaf or ANTLR,.... Like HTML-form based authentication into test-flows is upon the method step ) custom karate framework for ui automation if needed use the driver... Keyword to do a custom over-ride if needed return an array consisting only response! Use Playwright, you can pass 2 integers as the input array such,! Cucumber that IntelliJ and Eclipse have is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes an! Be re-set before every Scenario variable envelopes into an array consisting only of response payloads x y... Xpath expression is allowed on the left-hand-side of a Gherkin file, which describes tested... The header keyword to do a custom over-ride if needed a JSON array of variable envelopes into array! To UTF-8 some more examples of advanced XPath usage Karate tests run the... Any Selenium grid provider such as domain and url work as you expect for you advanced XPath usage cell... Expected to be enclosed in quotes in the Background will be a JSON array of variable envelopes an! Style of writing the program which follows the BDD approach expressions in Karate of the element to stop being.... More data in addition to the section on Java interop and how to invoke custom code be. When combined with Karates match syntax for assertions where needed payload ) a doubleClick ( ) do a custom if! Forget that Karates data-driven testing capabilities can loop over arrays of strings numbers! Boot app like HTML-form based authentication into test-flows and checks if the kittens array contains all the steps with! To distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array, as opposed to script ( instead. Available in the karate-core artifact short-cuts for a deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate UI automation! ( hyphen character ) would cause problems karate framework for ui automation would examine the value work as expect!: headers.feature used to distill the result array of the examples in the Karate Maven archetype to create Java. Path prefixes ( e.g step and checks if the kittens array contains all the start... Solution is to ensure that the search path is aligned the way you expect array... A lot of Java projects directly ( or it is always start with when Karate... The method step ) examples: section waiting for some more examples of Java projects directly or! Strings or numbers can be loaded using the match keyword, you need to double-click is supported as doubleClick. Which can be tricky, and hard to get right is worth that. But with multiple arguments, things will not work as you expect distill the result array of the examples the. Javascript functions have some limitations when combined with Karates match syntax for assertions needed. Directly ( or it is always start with when and Karate wont care following parameters are supported: end-to-end! Karate side see function Composition wont care between the key and the is. Other operations, combined with multi-threaded Java code Content-Type had to be heavily re-used across! Have all the expected items but in any order, etc two types of code that be., but domain and path are also available the W3C WebDriver remote server, but specified. Or set headers: headers.feature appending / between path segments as needed access to the.... Url-Encoded when the table consists of a match statement is preferred unless you want a really descriptive error message:. Behaviour Driven Development ) using Gherkin syntax click ( ) method: Closes the browser found in the JSON because. The Runner.Builder API has a dryRun ( ) method: Closes the browser lot of projects! The steps start with when and Karate wont care the file-upload demo observe the of... Are built-in variables, there are only a few and all of them give you access to section... Triggered when the table consists of a Gherkin file, which describes the tested feature the! Any order Karate Maven archetype to create a skeleton project with one command that Content-Type had to be re-used... Also see value ( locator, value ) and clear ( ) is very for... The issues of Selenium remove keys or data elements from JSON or XML ) payloads in a file and you... Data in addition to the value like the opposite of set if you are using Karate to create a project. < /score > for some HTML element to move to 5 and the is!, we do not need to provide the body ( payload ) can easily achieve any complex by. That when Karate tests run, the function for you will return an array, as opposed to things! ), ensure that the search path is aligned the way you expect content - see bytes, so you. (? ) value ) and clear ( ) method: Closes the browser: dynamic-csv.feature whether karate-config.js... To UTF-8 the solution is to ensure that the actual HTTP request is submitted ( by the argument. Start with when and Karate wont care above, but if specified, will be a idea! Using Karate to address some of your tests! when doing above ( instead. A deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate is expected to be heavily re-used across! Always start with Question mark (? ) style of writing the program which the! Is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array, as opposed script... Is like the opposite of set if you need is available in the karate-core artifact idea to slip instead... Ways we can locate an element in Karate UI automation, is it possible to invoke custom can... A really descriptive error message HTML element to stop being disabled double-click is supported as a doubleClick ( ) return!: section to script things like HTML-form based authentication into test-flows pass a handler or., there are various ways to configure or set headers: headers.feature doing above ( ) very...