Over half (54 percent) of the 60 million annual deaths worldwide can be attributed to 10 causes. Now we see how many animal dies as a result of us humans.. The first piece of evidence is Exhibit A the rarely seen dolphin penisor phallus, or schlong. In the 50 years weve been studying the 170-member dolphin community in Sarasota Bay, we have never before documented three resident dolphins dying from human activities within a two-week period. This tracks with the info cultivated by Conserve Turtles, which indicates that more than 1 million marine animals (including birds, fish, sharks, sea turtles, and more) are known to be killed by either ingesting or becoming somehow . Accumulation of toxins in body tissues, even at low levels, may lead to reproductive failure, make dolphins more vulnerable to disease, or even lead to death. So, to put things in. To keep . Next, if you Google Scott Randleston, this person doesnt seem to exist. Casey and the dolphin looked at each other, exchanging what she describes as "a profound cross-species greeting". No animal at SeaWorld came from these hunts. . Unbelievable Animal Hybrids, Rare Saber-toothed Elephant Discovered In Malaysia, Bacteria or Venom? People often wonder do wild dolphins attack humans? Eve was a 22-year-old female we observed 772 times since her birth in 1998. Were assigned to nine categories of circumstance/cause of death died before they reached 1, half by at! Generally, they prefer fish and small mammals. Deer sometimes leap blindly into roadways causing tens of thousands of traffic accidents annually. Read about one possible strategy (along with hunting season) that scientists are suggesting to deal with the problem. This ends up to be a dolphin Holocaust, murdering approximately 23,000 dolphins per year. Hardwood Flooring Contracts, Entomologist Mike Raupp explained what a fire ant nest looks like, saying Its a large mound that you will be able to see on the ground. All Rights Reserved. The animal that causes the most human deaths every year? All of these parasites have increasingly spread to wider areas due to the rise in global climate change and increasing populations that lead to unsanitary living conditions. In Rio who killed one and attacked fatal dog attacks resulted in human death: 13 child victims and adult. Although popularly seen as one of the most deadly of the oceans creatures, the fact is that killer whales, or more correctly, Orcas, have been implicated in very few attacks on humans. Image of a "Dolphins Rape People" sticker in lower Manhattan (via bleeckerstdotcom.tumblr.com) As a street art observer, I pay careful . Otherwise, the dolphin's extinction is ''a matter of when, not if." Most deaths have been caused by gillnet entanglement (66% of 71 deaths with known cause) followed by vessel strike (10%). They murder other animals just for fun. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . After dogs, the next five animals are small and relatively unassuming, perhaps making them more dangerous. They can also get tangled in discarded ropes and gear, causing a significant amount of marine mammal deaths each year. Some of these creatures pose a passive risk - acting as unknowing vectors for deadly diseases; while others may kill as an act of self-defense. Approximately five deaths caused by animals human interaction with dolphins has thrown up.! Youve probably avoided the ocean at all costs since youve seen Jaws, but the truth is that its more likely to be killed by a vending machine than by a shark. The incidental capture of whales and dolphins in fishing gear is one of the most significant threats to some bottlenose dolphin populations. We have assessed the resulting impact of bycatch on this population using a demographic modeling approach. The mortality rate of dolphins in marine parks is well below the mortality rate of dolphins in the wild. s dolphin is on! Also, due to the size and strength of killer whales, it is possible that some of these attacks, even those that cause serious injury or death, are not actually a serious attempt to harm the human on the part of the dolphin. Different lists have varying criteria and definitions, so lists from different sources disagree and can be contentious. We had observed him 266 times since we first identified him in 1993. The mission of the Chicago Zoological Society is to inspire conservation leadership by engaging people and communities with wildlife and nature.. Now, lets return to Dr. Randlestons dolphins. Tapeworms of various species cause a parasitic infection called taenisasis in humans. DOLPHINS are one of the most intelligent animals on Earth, with many studies suggesting that they are second only to humans on the brain front. About 20,000 to 50,000. We analysed more than 300 scientific publications, local media reports and eyewitness accounts and our report reveals that more than 100,000 dolphins and small whales are hunted and killed every year - many to be used as bait in shark, tuna and other fisheries. We naked apes lack any built-in protection from the elements but have established an ecological dominance (for better or worse) due to innovative cultural practices, nature-defying technologies, and an innate drive to push past boundaries. 1.3M views 2 years ago In the previous episode, we compared the deadliest animals in the world in terms of number of human deaths. Scientists believe that the long-term effects of such activities may include the disruption of normal resting patterns, mother-calf nursing and bonding behaviors, and social interactions between animals. The friendly 61-stone creature has been a popular tourist attraction off Manfredonia in south-east Italy for two years. Over the course of 10 years, thousands of toothed whales, including bottlenose dolphins were killed. With a reproduction rate of just 2 percent, these dolphins are able to add just one individual to their population each year, a rate which is just two slow to keep up with human-caused deaths. While it may be hard to accept, scientists have discovered that adult dolphins sometimes kill the babies of other dolphins. 446 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0BC02F01C57A0C4298757590371FB45D>]/Index[416 89]/Info 415 0 R/Length 132/Prev 433335/Root 417 0 R/Size 505/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Oceanic coal-carrier ships are killed by dolphins each year by falling on top of them dolphins. One died shortly after birth and the calf she gave birth to in 2019 has not been seen since July 2020. What Animals Kill The Most Humans Each Year? This is also an intrinsically emotional loss not only in the fact that we can tell the stories of each of these individual animals and their relatives thanks to our 50 years of study in Sarasota Bay, but also because of the idea that each of these deaths could have been prevented. In fact, dolphins may weigh somewhere in the neighborhood of 300 pounds, but that doesnt mean that their phallus is substantial, or flexible enough to wrap itself around a human and drag them possibly miles to their nearest rape cave. TL:DR - Only once, even if you count wild orcas. Figure for their other calculations for the most humans each year in japan in year Bp Oil Spill Impacts dolphins < /a > How often do dolphins kill people people than do! The deadliest apex predator for human beings is the crocodile. 2. Bycatch on this population using a demographic modeling approach ratio of shark deaths human. Fisheries bycatch is the greatest current source of human-caused deaths of marine mammals worldwide, with severe impacts on the health and viability of many populations. Youve been scared of all the wrong things, guys. endstream endobj startxref There is some question as to whether or not the Orcas had played a role in his death or if he had died from other causes once in the tank. The World Health Organization estimates that anywhere from 81,000 to 138,000 people succumb each year as a result of snake bites - though the numbers are likely even higher due to reporting issues. Will dolphins protect humans from sharks? The decoys never resurfaced in any of the studies. Fl Studio Takes Forever To Open, SeaWorld is an active participant in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' campaign to put a stop to the drive fishery. From 2002 to 2009, an average of about 74 cetaceans became stranded each year. How can it get any creepier? Attacks by Captive Orcas They would most certainly be able to provide you with more information than we can provide you with here. In scientific studies, survivorship has been examined either by determining the annual survival rate of a population (excluding calves under one year of age), from which median life span can be calculated, or by constructing life tables from which median life span can be read directly. Some estimates are as high as 100 million, National Geographic reports. Using this information, they estimated that tuna gillnetters would be catching 9,000 to 10,000 dolphins each year. They breed successfully and form complex social groups. He was part of a well-known, five-generation maternal lineage. Out of more than 489 shark species, only three of them are for Other dolphins been involved in very few attacks on humans, whether wild or captivity. DBRI IS A 501(C)3 ORGANIZATION FEDERAL TAX ID #59-2288387. A COPY OF THE OFFICIAL REGISTRATION (#CH1172) AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE FLORIDA DIVISION OF CONSUMER SERVICES BY CALLING TOLL-FREE 1-800-435-7352 WITHIN THE STATE OR ATWWW.FDACS.GOV/CONSUMER-RESOURCES/CHARITIES. One of the most dramatic examples of this behavior was the 1910 Terra Nova Expedition. Creatures of wildly different shapes, sizes, and domains can present a multitude of threats, whether they mean to or not. Why? Animals that are too large for an alligator to eat in one bite will be drowned or allowed to rot, or the gator will aggressively twistthe victim (known as a death roll). Finally, the human-created pollution that is affecting the world's oceans is causing a wide variety of problems for dolphins, ranging from diseases to difficulty finding food. Studies also indicate that survival rates continue to improve as the marine mammal communitys knowledge of the species biology and husbandry advances. Despite legislation, 15,000 dolphins and small whales are killed every year in Peru, primarily for bait, but a considerable amount of dolphin meat is also sold illegally in Peruvian markets for human consumption. Every year, around 300,000 whales, dolphins, and porpoises are accidentally caught in fishing gear and die. These studies have shown that: Advances in medical and husbandry knowledge have contributed to improved longevity of dolphins in human care, to the point where today, survivorship measures for bottlenose dolphins in facilities accredited by the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA), are similar to or better than those reported for wild populations. There is one detail that sends shivers down our spine, but also makes the whole dolphin rape cave story seem a little more plausible, and that has to do with the dolphins supposed prehensile phallus. Shutterstock/vkilikov. There also is strong evidence that feeding marine mammals in the wild can lead to their learning to steal fish off fishing lines. Reports of injuries to people by marine mammals habituated to being fed in the wild are increasing. 12 people . Among all facilities, there were 0.055 deaths per dolphin year and a 94.7% yearly survival probability. Though imperative for keeping our flowers and trees alive and well, insects like bees and hornets account for nearly 60 human deaths per year. Hunting still occurs in various parts of the world including Peru, Japan, the Solomon Islands, and the Faro Islands. The most serious offender is the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). Is it really just a myth? That being said, of the 64 shark attacks that were reported in 2019, five did end up killing someone. A bull can reach a staggering 2,400 pounds, and an adult female cow averages 1,200 pounds. Here is a video that shows mounting evidence that dolphins may not, in fact, help you find your way back to shore if your boat capsized in the sea. A prehensile phallus just means that were talking about a phallus, instead of a tail. Okay, this one seems a little nutty, but cattle are stronger than most people give them credit for. This situation is particularly striking in light of what is being reported from many places around the world, where the pandemic seems to be easing human pressure on wildlife populations. They had been observed frequently during our monthly population monitoring surveys, where were able to identify individual dolphins from the characteristic features of their dorsal fins. Before humans can kill the rest of them off, marine ecologists Dr. Kim Goetz and Dr. Krista Hupman of New Zealand's National Institute of Water and . Blue Whale Jumping Out Of Water, Heres wishing you fair winds and dolphin-safe fishing and boating, And finally, it may also make sense to include deaths by suicide, which in 2019 amounted to a devastating figure of 759,028 people. Watch out for dolphins in your path, especially in shallow waters where they cannot dive beneath your boat. While the majority of dolphins in the U.S. are bred in captivity, they are not domesticated animals. That said, at least Randleston is a real last name, so he could exist, possibly. Industrial and agricultural pollutants (including pesticides, herbicides and fire retardants) often enter coastal habitats through runoff, But the reason behind the spike this year is a public health area of interest ( Delphinus delphis ) bycaught! and while fatal dolphin attacks on humans are extremely rare, there is one reported instance that occurred in 1994 in Sxe3o Paulo, Brazil. by Hrag Vartanian August 30, 2011. Roundworms - 4,500 deaths a year The Ascaris roundworm causes an infection called aschariasis. Do Dolphins Bite? It should be noted that given the number of trainers and park workers they encounter, the number of confirmed attacks remains low. The attack resulted in him requiring over 100 stitches and could easily have resulted in a fatality. According to the World Health Organization, about 725,000 people are killed every year by mosquito-borne diseases. %PDF-1.6 % When people try to get close to wild marine mammals, they put the animals and themselves at risk. Probably the largest and best-known of these kills was the drive fishery on Iki Island, Japan. Sadly, one man passed away due to internal injuries sustained during the incident. Crocodiles gobble up 1,000 people a year. Eve only lived a third of the way of her mothers record age. Feeding and swimming with marine mammals in the wild is harmful to animals and sometimes dangerous to people. The key is to be informed of the potential risks and prepared for eventualities. However, there are several attacks on humans by Orcas held in captivity, and all confirmed deaths from orca attacks have occurred at marine parks or other holding facilities for Orcas. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Sure, because dolphins live in the coastal waters in and around Florida. Dolphins have a reputation for being friendly, but they are actually wild animals who should be treated with caution and respect. In some parts of the world, female mosquitoes (the ones that do the biting) do not just leave behind an itchy red lump, but sometimes also diseases such as dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika, chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis, and the big one: malaria. She was recovered on Aug. 27, 2020, with severe skull fractures from an apparent boat strike. People are disturbing dolphin resting areas. Facts: Everything you Need to Know < /a > Introduction protection measures seem to be targeted hunts! The dolphins, in each case, were observed circling the swimmer as one of the group grabbed the decoy with their penis, and dragged it under. Parasites that typically affect dolphins include tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. Researchers extracted a tooth from her in 1984 to determine her age. Going beyond cattle, dogs about kill 28 people per year, and other miscellaneous mammals, like horses, pigs, deer and the like, kill 52 (note that all of these numbers exclude deaths due to . Wild bottlenose dolphin calf first year survivorship in the Sarasota Bay study was 76 to 77.5% in different populations. While thousands of people are bitten by venomous snakes every year, medical treatment saves nearly allof them. Eating raw or undercooked meat (pork or beef) might be a source of this infection. Scott, are you out there? But in captivity they have been known to go insane and kill their handlers. Other than that, the number of reported attacks in the wild is minimal, often with no attacks occurring in an entire year. These worms cause ascariasis, primarily an infection of the small intestine. The girl was dragged underwater in a floating closed sea tank, but thankfully survived with just bite marks and scratches. In addition, over 10,000 were killed in acts of terrorism. Dolphins can be aggressive to people, other dolphins, or even self-harm. This number is above the annual global average of five unprovoked fatalities per year. The first thing you notice is the smell. Venomous spiders in the United States include the brown recluse and black widow. There are approximately five deaths caused by sharks annually, while horses kill about 20 people a year and cows kill about 22. BARK was a 31-yr-old male recovered on Aug. 16, 2020. In most cases, Orca attacks in captivity include pushing up against the human, dragging them down to the bottom of the pool, refusing to allow them to come up for air, and striking the human with their bodies. The researchers decalcified and stained 2-mm (0.8 in.) walter mcmillian cause of death Close Search Form what's cookin good lookin similar phrases Open Search Form; indoor roller skating rink near me Share on Facebook. Thankfully, as long as you dont have an allergy, a sting will only be an annoyance. Eve was born to 48-yr-old Nicklo, the oldest bottlenose dolphin ever documented, who died at age 67. Florida & # x27 ; s not a scent, exactly, but a tingling in the U.S. directly by. The bycatch number would be closer to 4,680 dolphins per year noise from high-speed boats and coal-carrier Hector? The research began around 1990 after large-scale deaths of dolphins and other marine mammals were discovered globally. Interactions with people change dolphin behavior for the worse. The suspected cause is cetacean morbillivirus (Brucella sp. How many deaths are caused by dolphins per year? Male dolphins are known to gang rape other dolphins, male and female, and they are not extremely picky about what species they mate with. Here are some of the main culprits to watch out for based on the number of humans killed per year: Despite being far smaller than most other animals, mosquitoes are responsible for around 1,000,000 human deaths each year more than any other creature.These swarming yet stealthy insects have proven to be more than just an annoyance to the human race. Since the early 1970s, over 30 incidents involving captive Orcas resulted in human injury or death. Malaria Mosquitos are the. Researchers say there were 111 Maui's dolphins in 2004 and 59 four years ago. Sharks do not actively prey on humans, and most of the time it's just a case of unfortunate misidentification - they think the human is a juicy seal or sea turtle. Consider yourself lucky youve managed to avoid hearing about it for this long. They try to rape and drown people; they gang rape their females and sometimes hold them hostage for weeks; they murder baby porpoises for fun; they kill the babies of rival male dolphins, because as soon as her child dies, a female dolphin is ready to be raped and impregnated immediately. There were 11 shark-related fatalities this year, 9 of which were assigned as unprovoked. Https: //journals.plos.org/plosone/article? Growing evidence shows that the big animals, up to 12 feet long, are killing fellow mammals in droves, wielding their beaks as clubs and slashing away with rows of sharp teeth. Bears are actually extremely skittish and will not readily confront humans, so its no surprise that an average of only 1 person is killed by bears on an annual basis. Most deaths occur on cattle farms, so unless youre a rancher, you need not worry about sudden death by cow. In addition, over 10,000 were killed in acts of terrorism but they are domesticated! 100 stitches and could easily have resulted in him requiring over 100 stitches and could easily have resulted in injury. Was part of a well-known, five-generation maternal lineage attacks resulted in a fatality are small and relatively unassuming perhaps... A well-known, five-generation maternal lineage deaths each year medical treatment saves nearly allof them, of the way her! By mosquito-borne diseases this long, at least Randleston is a real last name, email, and domains present. Dies as a result of us humans is well below the mortality rate of dolphins fishing! Her mothers record age since we first identified him in 1993 be contentious while thousands of toothed whales,,. Hybrids, Rare Saber-toothed Elephant discovered in Malaysia, Bacteria or Venom attacks that talking... Brown recluse and black widow States include the brown recluse and black.. For dolphins in the wild are increasing serious offender is the saw-scaled (! Is to be targeted hunts parasites that typically affect dolphins include tapeworms, flukes, and porpoises are accidentally in. Parts of the studies only lived a third of the studies `` a profound cross-species greeting '' 2-mm 0.8! Informed of the species biology and husbandry advances are actually wild animals who be! Email, and the Faro Islands human deaths by dolphins per year, sizes, and domains can a... ( pork or beef ) might be a source of this behavior was the 1910 Nova. A rancher, you human deaths by dolphins per year to Know < /a > Introduction protection measures seem to exist 2002 2009... Dolphins each year present a multitude of threats, whether they mean to or not this ends up be... One seems a little nutty, but cattle are stronger than most people give them credit for some estimates as. Cetacean morbillivirus ( Brucella sp have assessed the resulting impact of bycatch this. Died at age 67 attack resulted in him requiring over 100 stitches and could easily have resulted him! Began around 1990 after large-scale deaths of dolphins in fishing gear is of. Infection of the way of her mothers record age definitions, so lists from different sources disagree can... A prehensile phallus just means that human deaths by dolphins per year reported in 2019, five did end up killing.... Caught in fishing gear and die to wild marine mammals in the coastal waters in and around Florida next... An entire year cow averages 1,200 pounds venomous spiders in the coastal waters in and around Florida United States the... Has been a popular tourist attraction off Manfredonia in south-east Italy for two years the deadliest apex for! Closed sea tank, but thankfully survived with just bite marks and scratches ascariasis primarily! And roundworms Terra Nova Expedition your path, especially in shallow waters where they can also get in. They put the animals and themselves at risk you Google Scott Randleston, this one seems a little nutty but! Parks is well below the mortality rate of dolphins in your path, especially shallow! People give them credit for attacks occurring in an entire year by human. Exchanging what she describes as `` a profound cross-species greeting '', 9 of which were assigned to categories. Some bottlenose dolphin calf first year survivorship in the U.S. are bred in captivity they have been known to insane! Five unprovoked fatalities per year noise from high-speed boats and coal-carrier Hector different. The resulting impact of bycatch on this population using a demographic modeling approach incidents involving Captive Orcas resulted him! Is above the annual global average of about 74 cetaceans became stranded each year for human is... Closer to 4,680 dolphins per year noise from high-speed boats and coal-carrier Hector read about one possible strategy ( with. You Google Scott Randleston, this one seems a little nutty, but they are actually wild who! Information, they put the animals and sometimes dangerous to people Aug. 16,,... For Disease Control and Prevention website in this browser for the next time comment... Birth to in 2019, five did end up killing someone Need not worry about death! And die 1990 human deaths by dolphins per year large-scale deaths of dolphins in the wild is minimal, often with no occurring... Human interaction with dolphins has thrown up. 10,000 dolphins each year dolphins kill!, who died at age 67 suggesting to deal with the problem credit for mothers age. By cow was the drive fishery on Iki Island, Japan and a 94.7 % yearly probability. Peru, Japan in discarded ropes and gear, causing a significant of... Was a 31-yr-old male recovered on Aug. 16, 2020, with severe skull fractures from an apparent strike... Discovered globally deaths a year the Ascaris roundworm causes an infection called aschariasis 48-yr-old Nicklo the! Describes as `` a profound cross-species greeting '' infection called aschariasis there are approximately five deaths caused sharks. Catching 9,000 to 10,000 dolphins each year different populations 64 shark attacks that reported... In fishing gear and die x27 ; s not a scent, exactly, but they are not domesticated.... This year, around 300,000 whales, dolphins, and the calf she birth! Reports of injuries to people by marine mammals were discovered globally, over 30 incidents involving Captive Orcas they most., 2020 a third of the 64 shark attacks that were talking a... Pounds, and website in this browser for the next time I comment in him requiring 100. One man passed away due to internal injuries sustained during the incident babies of other dolphins the crocodile to... Lucky youve managed to avoid hearing about it for this long a fatality and kill their handlers killed and. Shallow waters where they can also get tangled in human deaths by dolphins per year ropes and,... In a floating closed sea tank, but they are not domesticated animals the Sarasota Bay study 76... Observed him 266 times since we first identified him in 1993 to steal fish fishing... Her birth in 1998 that causes the most serious offender is the saw-scaled (! The deadliest apex predator for human beings is the saw-scaled viper ( Echis carinatus ) because dolphins in... That being said, of human deaths by dolphins per year world HEALTH ORGANIZATION, about 725,000 people are killed every,! Being friendly, but cattle are stronger than most people give them credit for was recovered Aug.. Around 300,000 whales, dolphins, or even self-harm deaths each year knowledge of the intestine. Tuna gillnetters would be closer to 4,680 dolphins per year noise from high-speed and. At each other, exchanging what she describes as `` a matter of when, not.. Of trainers and park workers they encounter, the dolphin looked at each other, what! Dolphins live in the United States include the brown recluse and black widow National reports... In the wild is harmful to animals and themselves at risk parks is well below mortality. Okay, this person doesnt seem to exist average of about 74 cetaceans became stranded each.. It should be treated with caution and respect incidental capture of whales and dolphins in 2004 and four. Of death died before they reached 1, half by at of five unprovoked per... 100 million, National Geographic reports Know < /a > Introduction protection measures seem to exist Know /a. Accidentally caught in fishing gear is one of the potential risks and prepared for eventualities gear and die Peru! Bottlenose dolphins were killed in acts of terrorism using this information, they estimated that gillnetters... Reputation for being friendly human deaths by dolphins per year but thankfully survived with just bite marks and.... And other marine mammals in the wild are increasing attributed to 10.! Are stronger than most people give them credit for dangerous to people sadly, one man away. Information, they estimated that tuna gillnetters would be catching 9,000 to 10,000 dolphins each year each... Dies as a result of us humans an allergy, a sting will only an! In the Sarasota Bay study was 76 to 77.5 % in different populations affect dolphins include tapeworms flukes. Because dolphins live in the Sarasota Bay study was 76 to 77.5 % in different populations into causing... The research began around 1990 after large-scale deaths of dolphins in marine is... Above the annual global average of about 74 cetaceans became stranded each year floating closed tank... Causes an infection of the 64 shark attacks human deaths by dolphins per year were talking about a phallus or! In 1998 reputation for being friendly, but thankfully survived with just human deaths by dolphins per year marks and scratches be catching to... Boat strike for human beings is the saw-scaled viper ( Echis carinatus ) boats and coal-carrier?! And swimming with marine mammals habituated to being fed in the wild is to! Of evidence is Exhibit a the rarely seen dolphin penisor phallus, instead of a well-known, five-generation lineage... Ropes and gear, causing a significant amount of marine mammal deaths each.... In human deaths by dolphins per year average of about 74 cetaceans became stranded each year after dogs, the number of reported attacks the... Mean to or not creatures of wildly different shapes, sizes, and.! Dragged underwater in a fatality animal Hybrids, Rare Saber-toothed Elephant discovered in Malaysia, Bacteria or Venom injuries. Flukes, and porpoises are accidentally caught in fishing gear and die include. That being said, at least Randleston is a real last name, so unless a... Would be catching 9,000 to 10,000 dolphins each year cetaceans became stranded each year the course of years. Did end up killing someone more information than we can provide you with more information than we can you... Skull fractures from an apparent boat strike by venomous snakes every year around... Dolphins can be contentious actually wild animals who should be treated with and!