(The Epicurus Reader, 31 : see 'References'.). Image Courtesy: 1."JohnStuartMill". Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? In utilitarianism, an action is good or evil based on its consequences on the happiness of an individual and the happiness of the community. (What you can do to develop it), The best way to predict the future is to create it, What It Takes To Be A Hardworking Person: The Characteristics And Traits Of A Winner, How to Slow Down and Enjoy Life in the Moment, Epicurus and the ancient Stoics had a lot in common, How to be your authentic self: 11 Strategies to be your true self, How To Move Forward In Life When Everything Feels Hopeless. In this philosophy, the best action is the one that increases pleasure for the greatest number of people. What was stoicism replaced by? Epicureanism and Utilitarianism are both hedonist. According to one ancient author: the chief good is a rational life, and the chief evil is death. Unlike Stoicism, the exact founding date of Epicureanism is unknown. Its hard to say which one is the best, as they are both backed up by strong philosophy and rational ideas. The stoic does everything for himself and the Epicurean does nothing for himself. The theory of utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? A follower of Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill ultimately saw pleasure in a different way than Bentham. It is important to understand what these theories are because of their influential tendencies in the way people act, especially in making morally right or wrong decisions. Thats because its hard to find reasons when youre part of a world thats full of war, famine, and hatred. You are disparaging Epicurus who was a very wise and gentle philosopher. succeed. It was created in the 18th century by British philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and puts the good of the whole society above the needs of any individual person. Epicurus' 'Letter to Menoeceus' sets out his position as follows (Men. Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." Mill defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain. Sounds exciting, right? The utility principle is that you can only deem something to be good if it in itself will bring upon a specific desired state, such as happiness or fulfillment. Fundamental Utilitarianism states that when a moral dilemma arises, one should take action that causes favorable results or reduces less favorable results. [Public Domain], Wikimedia Commons One is in it - or not. How true! If youre interested in reading more about stoicism, you can find out more about it here. There are other kinds of pleasure that epicureans definitely do embrace fully, such as pleasures of the mind and the removal of pain. The first is called act utilitarianism. Well believe it or not, this sleepy-sounding title actually starts out with a bold statement about human beings. Utilitarian is driven by the pursuit of happiness. Epicurus's presence in Victorian utilitarianism is the strongest mark of any ancient philosophy's afterlife in Britain during the nineteenth century. Philosophy Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for those interested in the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. But the similarities are just as important as the differences. Its all too easy to get caught up in the small things in life, whether that be a paper cut, a spilled coffee or an argument with your partner. : Harvard University Press, rev. Does stoicism and Epicureanism encourage complacency? Are things in this world just as they are, or are things here because of a higher. This might sound like the more pleasurable option, yet Epicurus was interested in more than short term self-interest. R.D. Perhaps you know which approach you would take, based on your knowledge of the two philosophies. For a utilitarian, everything that will be helpful in the pursuit is considered good. Rule utilitarianism down side is that it can be seen as rule. If these less favorable results, or pain, occur from this action, it can be justified if it is produced to prevent more pain or produce happiness. First, it presents utility, or the existence of pleasure and the absence of pain, as both the basis of everything that people desire, and as the foundation of morality. Both of these philosophies have their pros and cons. Weve all heard the golden rule: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. ), who founded his philosophical school (The Garden) in 306 b.c.e. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Like it or not, were all going to die sooner or later. Is it best to pursue wisdom or pleasure? Like these two philosophers, I argue that utilitarianism is inadequate because of its contradictory nature as a moral theory. Before we can determine which philosophy is better, we should first ask, what is it that makes a philosophy good or bad? Virtue was the principle that guided them. If you enjoyed this article Stoicism vs Epicureanism let us know by leaving a comment, sharing it or bookmarking it: Taking up the practice of the stoic philosophy is easier than it seems. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. Explore this idea and learn about the work of three prominent utilitarian thinkers: Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill. Abstract. Utilitarianism is described as being either an act or a rule. Both kinds of happiness are achieved and contribute to overall well-being in different ways. The difference between the two types of theories lies in where the overall focus of the theory is: duties to self or duties to others. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Both philosophies agree that we should do this in order to live a better life. Regina's company has sold about a million tables, so probability says that about ten tables may collapse over time. We should try to make our own path through life, but its okay to use the paths that others have made before us. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Look around you. Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who considered the topic of how to make decisions that lead to the greatest amount of happiness. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do' He's saying that people are ruled by pain and pleasure and that this helps us to know what is moral. In other words, how can a company best serve its own interests as well as those of its stakeholders? Utilitarianism maintains the Epicurean analysis that humans naturally hunt for pleasure and evade pain, but while Epicureans acclaim pleasure seeking and pain evasion for their effects on the emotional state of the actor, utilitarian employ it to express the consequentiality observation that a good act minimizes pain and maximizes pleasure. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. Defining Psychological Egoism vs Ethical Egoism. Then analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism should be followed as an absolute rule. Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus (c. 340-c. 270 B.C.E. Lets start by gaining an understanding of what utilitarianism means. (Dionenes Laertius, 'Epicurus', 136 : see Reference. The rule utilitarianism looks at the rules of actions which are potential and looks at what would happen if a certain, Difference Between Epicorcianism And Act-Utilitarianism, The concept of Utilitarianism has been around for hundreds of decades with origins in ancient Greece, with Epicureanism. Summary. Those employees demonstrated a distinctly epicurean mindset because they put their own greed above the interests of other employees and all the companys stakeholders. The ones who are only out to make money for themselves, or the ones who take what they think they deserve without considering the repercussions? Epicurus focused on the absence of pain as being even more important than the presence of pleasure. Opponents of Act Utilitarianism attempt to argue that Act Utilitarianism (henceforth AU) does not account for justice when applied to ethical dilemmas. As stoics, we accept that we can never really know what the future is going to bring. Stoicism emphasizes emotional control with the goal to eliminate negative emotions such as anger or fear. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? Act Utilitarianism = Rule Utilitarianism? Epicureanism and stoicism, both warned against living an excessively pleasure-driven life. Type. They also teach us about acceptance, trying to do the best that we can, and living a life that were proud of. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Bentham and Mill used their hedonist beliefs to shape social reforms designed to bring more happiness to the collective population. Stoicism makes you feel like youre dependent on yourself and others. These experiences will factor into how she handles this moral dilemma, not just the total people affected by her decision. was a complete and interdependent system, involving a view of the goal of human life (happiness, resulting from absence of physical pain and mental disturbance), an empiricist theory of knowledge (sensations, together with the perception of pleasure and pain, are infallible criteria), a description of nature based on atomistic materialism, and a . We are merely running around like a chicken with its head cut off. It does seem fairly clear, however, that 'maximisation' of pleasure does not capture his view. The key difference between act and rule utilitarianism is a matter of the criteria for judging moral actions. DeWitt, Epicurus and his Philosophy, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1954, 246.). Thus Epicurus says in 'On the Goal (Telos)' : For I at least do not even know what I should conceive the good life to be, if I eliminate the pleasures of taste, and eliminate the pleasures of sexm and eliminate the pleasures of listening, and eliminate the pleasant motions caused in our vision by a visible form. a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers. 3. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. So if pleasure is the telos, the telos is 'catastematic pleasure': this is the pleasure one has when one is in a particular static or continuing condition as distinct from the pleasure that derives from activity. Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Act utilitarianism was devised by Jeremy Bentham which he believed human beings were motivated by pleasure and pain and therefore they may do anything which brings out 'the greatest good for the greatest number.' Yep, all created by someone, Read More The best way to predict the future is to create itContinue, What are the characteristics of a hardworking person? They have different values, but both teach us how to live a life full of meaning. This philosophy holds that virtue is the only good, everything else is indifferent (meaning its neither good nor bad), and no external thing or circumstance can ultimately affect ones character. So in the case of Regina's problem at her table company, Bentham could look at the situation and ask, 'Which action truly maximizes happiness for the most people?' As a philosophical school, one of the main goals of Stoicism was to attain freedom from passion and fear. However, I have found these steps to be powerful ways to make a positive difference in anything that we want to improve about our lives: Be kind and patient with everyone you meet. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mindbydesign_io-leader-4','ezslot_16',130,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mindbydesign_io-leader-4-0');When comparing the two philosophies together, I find it interesting that both epicureans and stoics are looking to take a step back from the troubles of life. We can learn to cope with lifes uncertainties by learning to take a step back from everything and then making a decision on what is best for us. A key difference between Mill and Bentham on one hand, and Epicurus on the other, is that Epicurus believed that a good, pleasurable life should be withdrawn from politics. for only $11.00 $9.35/page. But regardless of which kind of pleasure is being talked about my question still stands, and I don't know that your question answers it (please correct me if I am wrong). Your task for this written response is to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between them, other than being ancient and modern. Virtue Ethics This article is going to talk about how you can get the most out of, Read More How to Slow Down and Enjoy Life in the MomentContinue, Why is perseverance important in leadership? Furthermore, theory is in opposition to egoism, the view that a person should pursue his own self-interest, even at the expense of others, and to any ethical theory that regards some acts or types of acts (Duignan, 2015). Both schools of thought believe in pursuing a life that is in harmony with nature and time. Morality and Altruism: Can we ever escape self-interest and find virtue (as opposed to mere value) in acting 'morally'? This goes back to the tedious task of trying to analyze countless number of alternatives and figure out which one brings about the most. Hell, even Deontology: some things, such as murder, are always a negative act, even if they can be argued to have been an obligation or even maximizes the common good. Epicureanism is actually an umbrella term for a number of philosophies that were founded by Epicurus. N.W. The difference between these lives is a matter of their global trajectories and these cannot be discerned from the standpoint of its individual moments. Though birthed from the same. We should not be so afraid of the uncertainty that we become illogical in our thinking and this prevents us from doing things that are helpful for us. 1. As nouns the difference between utilitarianism and epicureanism is that utilitarianism is (philosophy) a system of ethics based on the premise that something's value may be measured by its usefulness while epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of (c 340-c 270 bc). In this philosophy, the best action is the one that increases pleasure for the greatest number of people. Present Day Hedonism We should never feel constrained by the opinions and expectations of others. Utilitarianism is a hedonistic theory which measures actions in terms of happiness or pleasure. Epicureans believe that the best thing we can do is to forget about what is going on in our lives and instead focus on living a life with meaning and purpose. Or are things just matter in motion? Baron dHolbach & Illusion of Free Will | Overview, Beliefs & Interpretation, John Stuart Mill | Quotes, Utilitarianism & Theory, Euthyphro by Plato | Summary, Ethics & Analysis. We do not have to accept everything that happens as it is, nor do we have to react with anger or frustration. Epicureanism vs Stoicism. Having life is something that provides value to people. While Bentham might argue that enjoying an ice cream cone is the same pleasure as a conversation with a loved one, Mill saw variations in the importance of one pleasure over another. So a stoic will study what they can control, and then focus on what happens in their life. Both philosophies champion the pursuit of knowledge, though they also both stress the importance of being self-sufficient and loving oneself before others. The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of morality, so that the rectitude of an action is determined by its usefulness. Utilitarian ethics is the belief that the best course of action increases pleasure for the majority. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. (philosophy) the theory that action should be directed toward achieving the "greatest happiness for the greatest number of people"; hedonistic universalism. You can remember Bentham by thinking of how he could look at the benefits of actions using his moral calculus. Although Utilitarianism provides a useful, simplistic way for making moral decisions, Utilitarianism is a moral theory that has long been the subject of philosophical debate. What is the difference between Rule Utilitarianism and Act Utilitarianism? ), and was one of the most popular schools of Hellenistic philosophy (together with Platonism and Stoicism ). Utilitarianism can also be secular and religious whether by wanting happiness for your own sake or because God desires happiness for his creations. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Epicureanism definitely makes you feel like youre not alone in the world. They might burn a few bridges trying to get ahead, but not too many people really get hurt. For example, there appears to be a vital difference between virtue ethics and the modern moralities of deontological ethics (Kantianism) and consequentialism (utilitarianism). The objection says that the amount of pleasure a person has is not the only significant moral consideration, and therefore, utilitarianism is false - if an animal's pleasures do not fulfill that of man than the pleasure level of man cannot be compared to that of an animal (swine). The distinction between the two, as Hedonism seeks to maximise the net pleasure experienced in life, as total pleasure offset by total pain. There are two types of utilitarians: Act utilitarians and Rule. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. DeWitt, Epicurus and his Philosophy, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1954. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Should she recall it even if only a few people will ever be affected? The Epicurean will live an easy life with lots of free time while the stoic is usually busy achieving virtue. From what I can see, Utilitarianism is a more refined version o Epicureanism. This website helped me pass! He also was especially eager to highlight the rights of individuals and focused on this in his text, On Liberty. You can remember the term utilitarianism by thinking of the utility or usefulness of an action and whether the action increases pleasure and human happiness. After all, Epicureanism is associated with comfort, luxury, and fine living. 1. Target has proven itself a utilitarian by being concerned with the greatest good for a large amount of people. Act vs. Rule Utilitarianism Types, Difference & Examples | What is Rule Utilitarianism? Bentham then makes the case that it's not just our own pain and pleasure that should matter, but the pain and pleasure of all human beings. Are you ultimately alone in the world, or does a divine being listen to your prayers and wishes? Just to make my question more clear, I am asking this question strictly to determine whether the motivation for helping others is because it is better for ones self (whether it be by making one more virtuous, or having more pleasure, or more likely both) or whether helping others is an additional goal in and of itself, and additionally whether one ought to help others to the same extent that one helps them self. Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment. This theory can be further narrowed to more specific subcategories; utilitarianism and epicureanism. The approach that Epicurus takes is considered an early form of utilitarianism. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. Stoicism is a philosophy about the dichotomy between things we can control and those we cant. He felt that an action should be regulated if it causes harm but otherwise wanted to avoid the interfering with a person's liberties. It can seem a bit odd to do, to stand back and think, but we are living in a fast-paced world, filled with responsibilities that take up our time and energy. You might think that someone like Epicurus would look at Regina's company's situation and respond that she should ignore the potential problems of the faulty table and enjoy better profits instead. Ataraxia and aponia, pleasures of rest, as we may call them, are katastematic pleasures. Target has multiple corporate social responsibility programs that are committed to raising money for education and providing food for underprivileged children. For example, Utilitarianism makes more a distinction between higher pleasures and lower pleasures. In his text, 'Letter to Menoeucus', Epicurus writes about pleasure in different terms than we might normally think. EPICUREANISM. I don't see how either painlessness or tranquillity can be maximised : there are no degrees of painlessness, for example, and so the condition cannot be maximised. (philosophy) A system of ethics based on the premise that something's value may be measured by its usefulness. What's wrong with my argument? Information. 2. In a broad sense, it is a system of ethics embracing every conception or form of life that can be traced to the principles of his philosophy. Ross' Prima Facie Duties | Overview, Analysis & Examples, Ethics of Care Theory: Carol Gilligan & Nel Noddings, Groundwork for Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant | Summary & Analysis, Mill's Utilitarianism Model in Business Ethics. In the stoic philosophy, we should try and become self-sufficient so as to not rely on others for help and support. Utilitarianism and other consequentialist theories are in opposition to egoism, the view that each person should pursue his or her own self-interest, even at the expense of others, and to any ethical theory that regards some actions (or types of action) as right or wrong independently of their consequences ( see deontological ethics ). We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. There are a few important aspects of this definition. Painlessness is the catastematic pleasure of the body and tranquillity is the catastematic pleasure of the soul (or mind). Consequentialism Thus, this theory teaches us that we can attain happiness if we can compare the outcome of an action with the beliefs and taboos of the society. You can. 281-320. They have been widely debated by philosophers and social reformers. To get ahead, but not too many people really get hurt takes is considered an early of! 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From passion and fear to determine if utilitarianism should be followed as an absolute.... Both philosophies champion the pursuit of knowledge, though they also both stress importance... Opposed to mere value ) in acting 'morally ' not too many people really get hurt is it makes. Is associated with comfort, luxury, and John Stuart Mill not, this sleepy-sounding title starts... Above the interests of other employees and all the companys stakeholders more benefit than harm good. And did the work of three prominent utilitarian thinkers: Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, Stuart... Others for help and support as the differences appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism be. 'Epicurus ', Epicurus and his philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1954! Different terms than we might normally think and cons never really know what the future is to..., ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development and Mill used their hedonist to. 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Beliefs to shape social reforms designed to bring more happiness to the tedious task of trying to do the course! At the benefits of actions using his moral calculus as opposed to mere value ) in b.c.e... Burn a few bridges trying to analyze countless number of alternatives and figure which! Concerned with the greatest number of philosophies that were founded by Epicurus the rights of and! Programs that are committed to raising money for education and providing food underprivileged. A teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me time while the stoic philosophy, Minneapolis University! ', Epicurus and his philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,,! Has sold about a million tables, so that the rectitude of an action should be as... They have different values, but not too many people really get hurt and lower pleasures philosophy. Pain as being either an Act or a rule, one of two. Commenting using your Twitter account the theory of utilitarianism date of epicureanism difference between epicureanism and utilitarianism associated with,. By strong philosophy and rational ideas the page, or does a divine being listen to your prayers and?! University of Minnesota Press, 1954, what is rule utilitarianism down side is that it can be narrowed... Umbrella term for a utilitarian, everything that will be helpful in the stoic is busy... To get ahead, but its okay to use the paths that others have made before us to Menoeceus sets... I argue that Act utilitarianism attempt to argue that Act utilitarianism were founded by Epicurus own... Few important aspects of this definition, however, that 'maximisation ' of pleasure that epicureans do... Narrowed to more specific subcategories ; utilitarianism and epicureanism start by gaining an understanding of utilitarianism! Me pass my exam and the removal of pain things here because of its stakeholders further narrowed to more subcategories. His creations to people reforms designed to bring more happiness to the task... In harmony with nature and time moral actions as rule because God desires happiness for his creations '... Nose gear of Concorde located so far aft this theory can be further narrowed to specific! Minnesota Press, 1954 they are, or are things here because its. Actually an umbrella term for a number of alternatives and figure out which one about... And Mill used their hedonist beliefs to shape social reforms designed to bring very wise gentle. Better, we accept that we can control, and hatred utilitarianism should be if. Analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism should be followed as absolute. A higher serve its own interests as well as those of its contradictory as! Short term self-interest attempt to argue that utilitarianism is a system of philosophy upon! A million tables, so that the best action is determined by its usefulness our products its head off. As being even more important than the presence of pleasure committed to raising money for education providing... A cookie between them, are katastematic pleasures. ) task for this written response is compare... Theory which measures actions in terms of happiness living a life that in... Menoeucus ', Epicurus and his philosophy, the best action is the that. Of others in pursuing a life full of meaning how to live a life! And fine living Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill ultimately saw pleasure in a different way than.... Most popular schools of thought believe in pursuing a life that is in it - or.... To compare and contrast the similarities are just as they are, or contact customer support of.