Santera is based upon the development of personal relationships through divination, sacrifice, initiation, and mediumship (see medium) between practitioners of the religion and the orisha deities, who provide their devotees with protection, wisdom, and success and who guide devotees in times of crisis. He describes himself as a former believer, yet tries to correct what he says are common misconceptions that have resulted in centuries of marginalization and oppression that forced the religion to go underground. The religion is also known as La Regla de Lucumi or Lucumi or Lukumis Rule. Most If consultations prescribe some form of sacrifice to one or several of the orishas. The members of the il relate to each other in much the same way as members of an extended biological family. Mosha, Sambuli. Santeria incorporates elements of several faiths and so is what's called a 'syncretic' religion. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The topic of judgement has existed in many ancient cultures. The il sets out a path of spiritual growth, a road en santo. Devotees see the Orisha tradition as a world religion and have received public recognition of their spiritual achievements. A study of indigenous education system of the Chagga from Tanzania. In situations where a corpse is not retrievable, say because of drowning, a burial must still be performed, and so in some societies, a surrogate is used. They are accompanied by their Guardian Orisha. Apart from vague notions that it somehow involves animal sacrifice and is a syncretistic religion blending Catholic and African beliefs, most Americans know little of anything about Santeria, yet it is probably the most-practiced religion in Cuba and is growing in the United States, De La Torre argues in Santeria: The Beliefs and Rituals of a Growing Religion in America by Eerdmans. Especially about birth, life, death and the Afterlife. The Luo call such restless, deceased persons jochiende, while the Shona call them mashave. Research from Arizona State University and the University of Wyoming has found that religious beliefs about the afterlife predicted how people value and practice sustainability. The book, by Chalice Press, also distinguishes the differences and similarities between the U.S. theologies and their Latin American counterparts. Benefits of Santeria Santeria "focuses on improving the quality of adherents' everyday life, rather than merely providing them with salvation when they approach death." Vega, the religion professor, said Santeria is a way of life. It is up to the orishas to determine whether a candidate for priesthood has passed the tests or failed. Voodoo can be traced to the Fon and Ewe in West Africa, currently known as Benin. We believe in reincarnation. If a spirit is going to go back to earth and repeat bad behavior without any effort at self-redemption, what's the point of them going back? . What most viewers didnt realize, says author Miguel De La Torre, is that the songs title referred to a deity of an Afro-Cuban religion called Santeria. Santeria Religion. Although Santeria is a religious path that is not rooted in Indo-European polytheism like many other contemporary Pagan religions, it's still a faith that is practiced by many thousands of people in the United States and other countries today. Encyclopedia of Religion. Occultist.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. For a long time Santeria was a secretive underground religion, but it's becoming increasingly visible in the Americas: Once dismissed as a ghetto religion practiced only by the Caribbean poor and uneducated, Santeria has a growing following among middle-class professionals, including white, black and Asian Americans. Later still, in the nineteenth century, through Christian missionaries these ideas found their way into sub-Saharan Africa. Historically, Africa is heir to a triple heritage of religion and culture: namely African traditional religions, Islam, and Christianity. Christianity borrowed from ancient cultures actually. Paradoxically, then, the dead are not dead, a paradox that led Mbiti to coin the phrase "the Living-Dead" (1969, p. 81). Santeria evolved when African slaves were stolen from their homelands during the Colonial period and forced to work in Caribbean sugar plantations. The word syncretistic means to "draw together" or "combine." In a religious environment, this involves the mixing of elements from different or independent religious traditions to create a new belief system. The belief system of Santeria is reflected in its history. Furthermore, the deliberate invocation of ngoma or mizimu and fellowship with them through libations and prayer (Gikuyu, kurongoreria ) is in official Christian teaching outlawed because it is considered a breach of the First Commandment. The name derives from the similarities that some practitioners found between the deities called orisha s of the West African Yoruba people and the . Today, the pyramids where the pharaohs, ancient Egyptian kings believed to be immortal, were entombed remain an enduring testimony of the ancient Egyptians' preoccupation with life after death. Governed by Mars, fiery and voluntary planet, Aries is in analogy with House I, concerning the Self, the decisions, the behavior. Hello - the man above was able to give the "bad heaven" name I couldn't remember - it is Orun Buruku - the heaven of broken pot shards. Drawing largely on his experiences as an African Catholic priest, Ela asserts the compatibility of African beliefs with Christianity and argues for their reclamation as both doctrinally viable and socially relevant for Africans' quest for beliefs and practices that enhance and nurture life in the here and now. Wigington, Patti. The Roman Catholic element in Santeria is most obvious in the way Orishas are associated with Catholic Saints such as: Followers of Santeria are often (nominal) Roman Catholics as well. For one year and one day, they believe the deceased's spirit to . Thus, as another song reminds the listener, the issue that one should worry about is not death itself, since death is inevitable. We aren't wolves who are conditioned to tear each other apart. Many women pray to her for conceiving a child. Beginning in the 19th century, the enslaved Cuban. [117] The animals are killed by cutting the carotid arteries with a single knife stroke in a similar way to other religious methods of slaughter. Santera was brought to Cuba by the people of the Yoruban nations of West Africa, who were enslaved in great numbers in the first decades of the 19th century. This combination now forms the deities of the contemporary Santeria religion. The myth suggests that this group believes that immortality is gone forever and only life and death within this world remain (Ray, 1976). Thus, while Africans continue to see death as a "saying yes" to God's summons, this summons is a prelude to God's judgment, which determines one's final postmortem destiny in heaven or hell. The Gikuyu call such persons muimwo ni iri (rejected by the people). Many people are involved with Santeria to a lesser extent, without becoming members of an il. For this reason, too, death is also vigorously, collectively, and publicly mourned. The "orishas are the representatives of the supreme God, and . Life is an unfolding, a process of "formation and transformation" that starts before birth and does not end at physical death. We also participate in becomealivinggod.com affiliate program. . It is an example of the intersectionality of African . apatron of those suffering from smallpox, HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and other infectious diseases. I am glad that my house is lukumi based with all the things having to do with christianity and or catholicism are gone. Merced filed a lawsuit with city officials said he could no longer perform animal sacrifices as part of his religious practice. The one thing that is for sure, both Santeria and Voodoo have mysterious, occult practices. I've never heard the good go to heaven and the bad go to hell though. Ela, Jean Marc. This to me just reeks of Christian influence. Santera is an Afro-Cuban or Afro-Caribbean religion created in Cuba by the Yoruba people who were brought to the island as enslaved people. This status, however, is not automatic. Does Santera believe in the afterlife? Some of the most popular orishas include: It is estimated that about a million or so Americans currently practice Santeria, but it's hard to determine whether this count is accurate or not. "Afterlife: African Concepts In the Kongo Malongo/ Palo tradition the Kongo cosmogram depicts the birth of man, potentially reaching his full potential on this physical domain and then passing into the spirit realm where you review what youve done and then continue the cycle again until proper elevation. As this creator deity is inaccessible to humanity, no major offerings are dedicated to it. . Im not sure I ever heard of bad heaven outside of one book by a missionary, so I dont necessarily prescribe to it. The religion focuses on building relationships between human beings and powerful, but mortal, spirits, called Orishas. Discusses in detail the belief system of the Acholi of Uganda. Joseph M. Murphy Professor of Theology, Georgetown University. Santera, (Spanish: The Way of the Saints) also called La Regla de Ocha (Spanish: The Order of the Orishas) or La Religin Lucum (Spanish: The Order of Lucum), the most common name given to a religious tradition of African origin that was developed in Cuba and then spread throughout Latin America and the United States. Occultist.net shares information on magic, witchcraft and alternative spirituality. Such rituals and related "oratures" (myths, stories, and songs) constitute a commentary by humans on their experiences in this world and its beyond and offer significant clues regarding concepts of the afterlife. A Santero, or high priest, traditionally presides over rituals and ceremonies. A majority of evangelical Protestants (58%) say that magic or witchcraft can influence people's lives. New York, 1965. The Luo of Kenya call this ritual Duogo (Ongonga in Cox, 1998, p. 236), while the Xhosa of South Africa call it Ukubuyisa (Pato, in Oosthuizen and Irving, 1992, p. 134). Image courtesy of Jacob Tabo/Unsplash. In Cuba, the practice became known as Santeria, while in Haiti, it started being referred to as Voodoo. Hector Avalos, Introduction to the U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience, 2004, Eugenio Matibag, If and Interpretation: An Afro-Caribbean Literary Practice, in Sacred Possessions: Vodou, Santera, Obeah and the Caribbean (ed. What can we do for our departed loved ones? The essays analyze the legal ramifications of the case as well as religio-cultural and historical roots of the controversy and suggest that the controversy was symptomatic of the seeming clash between Western and indigenous African (specifically Luo) views regarding life, death, and the hereafter. . For decades, Santeria has. It is also for this reason that cremation is not a preferred method of disposal of the dead in the African context. Symbolized by the physical head, ori is also connected with God, Oldmar, who is the source of all being and before whom one's ori kneels to receive one's destiny prior to being born into this world. The religion emphasizes the here and now rather than the afterlife, and it focuses on natural forces. Musicians, painters, sculptors, and writers have found in the Orisha tradition sources of African artistry and pride. Boston, 1988. in Cuba the Catholic church was tolerant of ethnic traditions and even allowed various African groups to create their own "clubs," which became known as the Cabildos. Through the bodies of their mediums the orishas are believed to interact with the congregation directly and heal and prophesy for those who approach them. After the possession, the individual claims not to have any memories of the event. Eating the sacrificed animal is considered a sharing with the Orisha, who only consumes the animal's blood, while the worshippers eat the meat. Today, there are many Americans who practice Santeria. Animals are cooked and eaten following all Santeria rituals (except healing and death rites, where the sickness is believed to pass into the dead animal). We hope she's right. A vital unit of the Santeria community is the 'house' called a casa or il. These actions inspire Iwa to possess one of their members with a spirit. Cubas government considered it ancient sorcery. The religion is also known as La Regla Lucumi and the Rule of Osha. New York, 2000. Such Masses for the dead are routinely "bought," particularly around November 2, the Feast of All Souls in the Catholic liturgical calendar. Ray (1976, p. 24) reports that according to a myth of original "paradise lost" held by the Tutsi of Rwanda, in the beginning, Imana, God, created two worlds, the one above and the one below. These commonalities in worldview despite cultural ethnic differences will be assumed in this article. The traditional rituals of reinstating the dead into the world of the living, for example, seem to reappear camouflaged in the quite prevalent Christian rituals of "unveiling the tombstone" or "unveiling the cross." The promise of happiness brought by proximity to God was severed and remains only a vague future possibility. Kenyatta, Jomo. The SM Otieno Case: Death and Burial in Modern Kenya. Each deity represents an aspect of nature, like thunder, and a human characteristic, like power. In general, within the African context, such a rigid dualism between body and soul is not found. Santera is a religion with Afro-Cuban roots, rising out of the cultural clash between the Yoruba people of West Africa and the . Recently, recognizing that rituals to honor the dead are carried out despite the ban, and conceding that ancestors hold a key position in African traditional religions the Catholic Synod of African Bishops recommended that attempts be made to harmonize African beliefs in ancestors with Christian beliefs regarding saints (Schotte, 1992, p. 55). The AU is the su, After the Tsunami, A Drive to Reverse Tubal Ligations in Tamil Nadu, Afterlife: Australian Indigenous Concepts, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/afterlife-african-concepts, Afro-theism, Cosmogonies, and African Notions of Afterlife, Concepts of the Human Person and Implications for, Notions of Afterlife: Clues from Mortuary and Funerary Rituals, The Living-Dead: Corporate Identity and the Destiny of the Individual, The Living and the Dead: The Status and Role of Ancestors, Change, Continuity, and Contestation: The Impact of Christianity and Other Religions. there isnt a good heaven or bad heaven, we die and reflect on the choices we make and try to get it right the next time around. But there's a different approach. Iwa is an intermediary of the distant and magnificent figure that does not involve itself with humans, Bondye (God). In chapters 13 and 14 Idowu discusses Yoruba notions of human nature and definition of the person. Santera is a syncretic religion based significantly in the traditions of the Yoruba and incorporating elements of Catholicism. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Santeria combines influences of Caribbean tradition, West Africa's Yoruba spirituality, and elements of Catholicism. They are called upon by priests by a variety of methods, including trances and possession, divination, ritual, and even sacrifice. While traditionally one's body was considered integral to one's person and was therefore considered important even after death, today Christian funeral songs depict the body as incidental if not detrimental to one's positive destiny after death. When after a long time such individuals are no longer remembered by name, they enter a state of what Mbiti calls collective immortality as they blend into the general world of those who have gone before (Mbiti, 1969). It would seem also that the emphasis by Africans on a this-worldly and corporate approach to salvation resonates significantly with the prior key affirmations about God and the world in the African worldview. Dennis M'passou writes on "The Continuing Tension Between Christianity and Rites of Passage in Swaziland," Paul Gundani explores "The Roman Catholic Church and the Kurova Guva Ritual in Zimbabwe," and Jude Ongonga writes on "The River-Lake Luo Phenomenon of Death." This frustration is expressed though funeral dirges. The essays discuss the contested interface between African religions and Christianity regarding rites of passage. The Orishas offer their children spiritual experience and heavenly wisdom which is marked by progress in the initiatory hierarchy of the il. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/afterlife-african-concepts, "Afterlife: African Concepts A monograph on the beliefs and cultural system of the Agikuyu of Kenya. The rituals involve performers drumming that make most of the music, singing, dancing, praying, and even animal sacrifice. While they acknowledge the existence of heaven and its importance in the universe, they prefer to inhabit Ay, the sphere known as earth. Many dress in white to symbolize purity. Regardless of your primary motivations, you can now hire me for a consultation and to do the difficult part of the equation for you, while you reap the rewards. Mortuary rituals also emphasize the integral connection between the "inner and outer person." The religion emphasizes the here and now rather than the afterlife, and it focuses on natural forces. Such restless and wondering spirits are said to haunt and afflict the living as they try to gain their attention. Santera, or La Regla Lucum (or Lukum) as it is more properly known, is one of the African Diaspora; religions spread around the world with the scattering of the enslaved African people brought to the new world. If you are angry, rather than learn to control your anger and address the problem in a different way, you can just go around punching people in the face. In Santeria, the ritual performing ceremonies are known as, In Santeria, there are rites sketched to make peace with the soul of the departed called. Maryknoll, N.Y., 1997. We can be good, or we can be bad. My Faith as An African. Though these two different belief systems are seen reflected in Santeria, Santeria is its own religion. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Santeria fought its way up, and even after the Constitution in Cuba proclaimed freedom of religion, the religion continued to face much opposition. Such theologians assert the compatibility of African beliefs with Christian ones if only the latter can shed their Western garb and be clothed afresh in terms of African culture, a process called "inculturation." (February 22, 2023). Voodoo followers also believe in the afterlife. Santeria is not much different from any other religion. In this discourse of "inculturation theology" ancestors still emerge as moral exemplars, and instead of Jesus dismantling the ancestors, he is portrayed in this theology as the "ancestor par excellence.". Each deity represents an aspect of nature, like thunder, and a human characteristic, like power." Olodumare takes little interest in human beings, thus it is considered to be inaccessible to humanity. Under the Yoruba babalawo, the Catholic calendar was wisely utilized for the veneration of African saints. Schotte, Jan P., ed. Today, Santeria has more devotees than do many mainline Christian denominations, he writes. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Their subsequent pact with the spirit reflects both their respect for the power of the Orisha to claim their lives and their gratitude for the Orisha's agency in effecting a cure. Many Christians, albeit in camouflaged or covert ways, continue to honor and remember their dead through ritual in spite of the formal doctrinal ban. Encyclopedia.com. you will not have a place among the revered ancestors, comdemong the spirit to roam the earth. Today, roughly 70 percent of Cubans observe one or more Santeria or other religious practices based in an African tradition. Bob Allen is managing editor of EthicsDaily.com. Ils are independent but may join up for special occasions. Santeria developed among Afro-Cuban communities while Voodoo developed among Afro-Haitian communities. Discussing African notions of afterlife necessitates several preliminary and pertinent observations. De La Torre also edited Handbook of U.S. Theologies of Liberation, examining Christian concepts and the interrelationship between religion, community and culture from the perspective of U.S. marginalized communities. Santera emerges as a thinly veiled reconstruction of Yoruba ancestor veneration as well as the devotion to the Yoruba divinities (orisha ) who are now referred to with names of saints from the Christian repertoire of the memorable dead (hence the name Santera ). Obtain a deeper knowledge of magic with my latest book The Psy-Mage Compendium. Voodoos paranormal ancestral connection is passed from generation to generation by rituals and spiritual practices. Divination can be done by casting palm nuts, interpreting the fall of shells, or using a divided coconut. Read More On Ressurecting EgregoresContinue. African Religions and Philosophy. Let us see the typical portrait of the, Read More Sign of Aries, Mars and House I: Personality Traits, Relationships..Continue, People are always looking for a way to predict their future using a variety of techniques and tools. Hindus believe that when someone dies, he or she is born into a different body largely determined by his or her previous life. Membership is taken seriously, and members are expected to take part in the life of the il. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Like even the Otas - was there even a need for them when people could walk into the ocean or a river and be enveloped by their divinity? Spiritual guides working to pay off karmic debt for elevation. There is no strict orthodoxy on this issue and thus interpretations differ. Both Santeria and Voodoo are religious practices upheld by people who believe in a common God that is served by several spirits. Ancestorhood is therefore a status of honor reserved for the exemplary dead. Beliefs Santeria does not have one set of beliefs, it combines of a variety of different faiths and cultures In Santeria life on Earth is considered more desirable that the afterlife Santeria worship a number of worldly gods known as orishas Many of the Santeria beliefs is not disclosed outside of the faith The world below was the opposite of the world above, since it lacked in beauty and prosperity. Voodoo can also be spelled as Vodou or Vodun. This is primarily an account of Yoruba notions of God. Orishas are also nourished by other forms of worship and praise. Here, they reinforced prior indigenous concepts of the afterlife where these already incorporated notions of a final judgment, as in the case of the Yoruba of Nigeria and LoDagaa of Ghana (Ray, 1976, pp. In Voodoo, the possessed individual is known as. Santera: An African Religion in America. I.e. These myths also indicate that in God's original intentions, the world was orderly, and human beings led a happy life in a state of immortality as long as they were close to God, their creator. Instead of conceiving the person as a soul that is contained in a body, Africans define the person as an integral whole constituting the "outer person" (the body) and the "inner self." As we recall, Africans believe that the destiny of the individual and the community are interdependent, interconnected, and intertwined. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. They belong to the Six Nations, formerly known as the Iroquois or Haudenosaunee Confederacy. According to the Church of Santeria. Death is depicted as "saying goodbye" to the living or "saying yes" (gwitika in Gikuyu) to a summons by God. Properly known as Lukum in the Yorb language, meaning "friendship," Santeria was the religion practiced by descendants of many Yorb slaves in Cuba, over time . What happens when there is no community? Sometimes my clients are also not comfortable dealing with the spiritual world on their own or lack the necessary items and solitude to even conduct these rituals. Be spelled as Vodou or Vodun any memories of the Agikuyu of Kenya on... 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