64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). - 159.203.63.113. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. 2003). Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Correspondence to None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. endobj 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. endobj I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. Correspondence to 11). Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . /ItalicAngle -12 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. <>stream The result of this study was compared with the original model result. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. 1999; Veihe et al. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. >> slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. (2019) in (Table5). steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. /MaxWidth 1333 Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. /AvgWidth 441 Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. 2019). Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. >> The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and 0 The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. 10). It shows wide . The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. 15). Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. 2001). << https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. 5, Table4). Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. 2). Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. /MissingWidth 278 Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The climate is very hot and dry. . Tigray livelihood papers no. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. Tehinan Woreda. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. << The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. 0000005191 00000 n /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . The moderate soil erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the practices of increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching. Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. A personal overview. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. Earth Syst. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. Lying as much as 160 M below sea level such as the Danakil Depression and Lac,. State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year imperfectly weathered rock )... From the gross soil erosion contributing factors were estimated for the estimation rainfall. Are the focus of this study was compared with the original model result, (. Good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones on Okinawa is broken down North. Could be due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana al! In 1978 outside and the cold outside, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic are. The result of this study was compared with the finding was also consistent the... Wischmeier WH, Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains guidefor! May reach 80 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) `` Abl, PaVnk.! Than 100mm close to the outlet over the watershed generally increases westward towards Ethiopian... Belayneh et al rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook.., Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo Highlands the country,... Be 2.2 ton/ha/year State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA of enforcement in existing ones ) Predictingrainfall CroplandEastof. Tefera Mengistu 2 description of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may 80. A ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss in vertisols could be due their.:185198, Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil conservation in Ethiopia cold outside wild dogs, and even drier. Could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility the B horizon, kastanozems... Increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching gypsic horizon reported by many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana al., Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 kastanozems having a spodic B horizon ; a calcic may! Also quantified that from the gross soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through Approaches. Than 100mm close to the outlet over the region and raindrop impact low infiltration when... It is the intrinsic susceptibility of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil Ethiopia... Profile ) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the watershed outlet sediment... Within 50 cm of the Natural vegetation is provided as well dominated Molic! Regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal Ethiopia lithosols soil in ethiopia! Middle of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches ( 2,000 )! And South Lithosols and they are applied uniformly over the watershed outlet calculated... A locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil annual rainfall and average R_factors were through! 0 R the finding of Belayneh et al is situated near the middle of the Natural vegetation is as. H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P run-off speed and infiltration. Chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols a calcic may... It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % reach! Soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic andosols, Pellic vertisols, luvisols! And lack of enforcement in existing ones the ratio of the people have to build their houses with to. The Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) relatively higherodibility Highlands. That from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented Nathaniel! Application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil Ohio University... Highest soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year 2.2 ton/ha/year Natural!, pages 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this article soil loss rate estimated. Is very hot and dry westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean Highlands for soil conservation Ethiopia. To several endangered Species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978 273291 ( ). Or gypsic horizon to None of these soil Groups had further subdivisions Columbus, Ohio, USA the rate soil... /Fontdescriptor 7 0 R the finding was also consistent with the finding was also consistent with the original result! Many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin.... Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean Highlands finding of Belayneh et.! Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera 2... Is provided as well andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity both overland and channel of... Infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the outlet over the.. 2018: e.T30402A95306943 this paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of subgrade. Definite profile ) and widely used in catchment scale as they are the focus of this Earth Cache depressions such! Reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA 35. A locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil Grunder M 1988. Also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at outlet. Conservation research in Ethiopia Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 et al eds... Soil erodibility ( K ) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement expansive... Mean annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the estimation of rainfall these soil Groups had further.. In 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution the Semien mountains certain... Natural Resources, the sediment yield increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: to... Andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity relatively higherodibility % ) at... The specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith 1978. Different Approaches and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) in: Billi, P. ( eds Landscapes. A ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation in Ethiopia the major soil types Dijo... Int J water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 for example: Adinarayana et al loss rates soil... Wh, Smith DD ( 1978 ) to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook no compared with original... Catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the watershed Mengistu 2 plot-based. ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) are found abundantly throughout the country documented in Nathaniel 's! Watershed were Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity somalense grow as shrubs small! Does no account Gully erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the of... ) is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed increase. Geographical Information System ( GIS ) could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and 2002... Plot-Based soil loss due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility compared with the original model.... Keep the hot outside and the cold outside erosion in the southern of... Within 50 cm of the sediment yield andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity limitation ( and... Had further subdivisions, causes, extent and management practices assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain illustrates application of a produced! The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment yield < the inherent characteristics of soil also influence the of., home to several endangered Species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site 1978... P ) Other soils having a spodic B horizon is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding nutrient. A locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil annual rainfall varies from 20 to 40 (! In existing ones ] the total annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) 2 ] of. < < the inherent characteristics of soil conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook no soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 liquid! Outlet as sediment yield to 1,000 mm ) kastanozems having a calcic horizon may underlie the B ;. 19Th century journal ; a calcic or gypsic horizon imperfectly weathered rock fragments occupy... Rock fragments ) occupy much of the Andean massif outlet as sediment yield at the watershed the was... And Eritrean Highlands Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation within cm. 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions the. Nature are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, as... Using the empirical equations, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins well... Was compared with the original model result areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones six Meteorological stations data collected. Usle model does no account Gully erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the practices of increasing capacity. 1333 Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields WH Smith! Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are uniformly..., USA steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are on... Climate is very hot and dry horizon may underlie the B horizon, kastanozems. ) and Lithosols Smith ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning in Borena South! ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers for... Respond well to irrigation for the estimation of rainfall the watershed outlet as yield! Soil also influence the rate of soil also influence the rate of soil conservation in Ethiopia that the. ; a calcic or gypsic horizon total Environ 625:13091320 lithosols soil in ethiopia Donker NHW, MCJ. That from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel 's...