0000001840 00000 n I was taught that they were rubber to prevent a spark from jumping from the nozzle to the fuel tank opening. On a worksite, a small spark from static electricity can ignite oil, gas or dust and cause a deadly explosion. Explain why the dust particles are attracted to the plates, (Force of) attraction (1) (plates have) opposite charge (to dust) (1). But liquid fuels like avgas and Jet A do not burn. One form of FOD that has been all but overlooked is electrostatic discharge If someone swallows gasoline, do not induce vomiting. The fuel itself is an insulator (a hydrocarbon) The primary risk is unintended ignition of fuel vapour, which can occur by a single spark. This article explains how static electricity could be unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid incidents. The issues are much the same whether the fuel source is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. The killer providing the spark is sometimes . Charged panels are not uncommon in aircraft and can possess a corona effect. It consists of one proton in the nucleus, which has a positive charge and is surrounded by one orbiting electron, which has a negative charge. A build-up of static electricity can be caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool or cold and dry weather. Here are some effective tips to make sure that risks caused by static electricity are minimized: Static electricity may look like a small concern but disregarding the source of the problem may prove to become catastrophic. Hear from one of API's scientists about staying safe at the pump during the COVID-19 pandemic. State what happens to the charge on the dust particles when they settle on the metal plates. 0000009799 00000 n the pipe. But the air/fuel ratio with the higher vapor pressure auto gasoline in the area around the filler neck is too rich to burn. High humidity conditions are conducive to dissipation of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD. Todays trucks have metal nozzles. If you cannot avoid re-entering your vehicle, discharge any static build-up BEFORE reaching for the nozzle by touching something metal with a bare hand -- such as the vehicle door -- away from the nozzle.). However periodic dealings do not eradicate the need for precautions. On 13 April 2010, a Cathay Pacific Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust. between the pipe and the powder HS=o0+n 0000003226 00000 n Accumulation of a surface static charge may occur on either an aircraft or its fuelling vehicle under certain conditions. The refueling driveway surface should be made of conductive materialconcrete is generally conductive, while asphalt is not. A situation that is often overlooked is where refuelling commences after gate arrival but before all inbound passengers have got off - or even started to get off. The conductivity of the fuel should be examined and considered. "Excellent work and workmanship. through a Pipe cause an Explosion? Salt water contamination of the hydrant fuel system at Surabaya after alterations during airport construction work was found to have led to the appearance of a polymer contaminant in uplifted fuel. How do you get rid of static electricity in your body? During the lightning flash a total charge of 52 C flows. Exposing the spark to volatile gasoline may create an unexpected combustion. The problem is that because of static charge buildup, there can be a difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the aircraft. happens 0000004562 00000 n There are various situations where static electricity can pose a hazard, for example: The risk of electrocution (e.g from lightning), The risk of a fire or explosion due to a spark close to a flammable gas or liquid, There are dangers of sparking in everyday situations such as fuelling vehicles such as cars and planes, Earthing is used to prevent the dangerous build-up of charge, This is done by connecting the vehicles to the Earth with a conductor, A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes, The friction between the fuel (a liquid insulator) and the pipe causes the fuel to, If this charge were to cause a spark, the fuel could ignite and cause an explosion, This is prevented by the fuel tank being connected to the Earth with a copper wire called the, You could be asked to explain other dangers and uses in your exams, They may ask you to explain the movement of charge in terms of, State what the danger is (electrocution? If the charge is very large, a spark to. When dispensing gasoline into a container, use only an approved portable container and place it on the ground to avoid a possible static electricity ignition of fuel vapors. The kerosene fuel used by turbine engine aircraft has a higherflash/ignition pointthan the aviation gasoline used by piston engine aircraft but there are still potential hazards. Is static electricity dangerous in aircraft operation? *eu=D:~#GZZTGQ],GwF\l$22{ GW,J^t0Tm-jcX4u?=63[{LWYtSdOc(I7{rYSis6~m/ $4 endstream endobj 29 0 obj 493 endobj 30 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 29 0 R >> stream When an aircraft is flying it builds up static electricity as there is no means of discharging it, it is not in contact with the ground. HtTo0xG@r*\0c3$Jg'MeR$|eOWo7*YY5lUAKG6(?Ky & iWhY3"(k@ynVUQ:QG[^dPS zkE Zgj#Wa|D d|cuyB,$u vIUNB;D7l&8eo+OP4+hL V(8#rf E#8O~;R8oe$WQ. As these problems worsened, one engine became unusable and a PAN and then a MAYDAY were declared prior to a successful landing at destination with excessive speed after control of thrust from the remaining engine became impossible. 2 Why is static electricity dangerous when Refuelling an aircraft? What are the Dangers of Electrostatic Charge? Copyright 2015 gcsescience.com. Crew stations and duties should be clearly defined as should appropriate passenger communications. The aircraft is also connected by a metal cable to the refuelling tanker. 0000007608 00000 n Fill a portable container slowly to decrease the chance of static electricity buildup and minimize spilling or splattering. 0000004000 00000 n Electricity is an important part of our lives, but we always have to treat it with respect and care. When the hose is put in the filler neck, there will be a spark thatequalizes the potential and can cause fires. Coupling/uncoupling of hoses must not be undertaken unless electrical bonding (see below) is in place. 82 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 86 /H [ 1007 405 ] /L 68069 /E 4214 /N 21 /T 66311 >> endobj xref 82 15 0000000016 00000 n 0000000664 00000 n 0000000800 00000 n 0000000953 00000 n 0000001412 00000 n 0000001566 00000 n 0000001722 00000 n 0000001828 00000 n 0000001886 00000 n 0000001993 00000 n 0000003317 00000 n 0000003425 00000 n 0000003503 00000 n 0000001007 00000 n 0000001391 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 76 0 R /Encrypt 84 0 R /Root 83 0 R /Prev 66301 /ID[<5f4ebed11a5454eec155687a854d9695>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 83 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R /Outlines 75 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 85 0 R /Metadata 81 0 R >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (E^eE1` Wy) /U ('YoDLQoDBW9 .$s) /P 65476 /Length 40 >> endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 273 /O 335 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream b8+ '!"3w=f94s!A=JRal4n;sC*vk(9/+0NG$Xl&Ot4(e-l1{76wEE1V~wGa\@9bv" pIVS8Jd[Ku@f80 q1"QEoI("U57)LP*i'r`3+?] U,iK#|W'TIu5 F?q!ogyj+x&_S^v]8/~#$AxLc&JfCcfPmZ#A\+Kct"d{eEV.P5j"nG: gp2-@gAB3R6Riy]en>s~E*]0/`~[byQ)kb_}6PQuIu/'D9uK0={qcu3Hu|/pyDOQ; How long does it take sunlight to reach Earth? The charge will flow through your body causing an electric shock. Commercially available antistatic and static shielding materials are available in every shape and size. Copyright 2021 - API. Airport Operators are recommended to prohibit the use of PEDs on the apron area in the vicinity of refuelling operations. Besides environmental control, other precautionary measures can be used with the rim of the container opening while refueling. that causes the buildup of electrical charges and not the effect of heat. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground (the Earth). The driver may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you touch the fuel pump. Contact a doctor or and emergency medical service provider immediately. Key developments in polymers, especially conductive polyethylene and sophisticated laminates with very thin metallized films, have made successful transportation of sensitive equipment a reality. Do not re-enter your vehicle during refueling. When transporting gasoline in a portable container make sure it is secured against tipping and sliding, and never leave it in direct sunlight or in the trunk of a car. (1), Chapter 33: Electric Fields and Potential ID:, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Practice IP & Internet Questions - BLAW Modul. In addition, during the pumping process, static electricity is built up, which can also cause a spark if the hose does not have good contact with the neck or the ground in the hose itself is not good. Often when a person is able to feel or otherwise perceive a shock associated with static electricity the potential is in the range of 2,000 to 6,000 volts. 1 What is the main danger from static electricity? Static electricity-related incidents at retail gasoline outlets are extremely unusual, but the potential for them to happen appears to be the highest during cool or cold and dry climate conditions. 0000058115 00000 n Saint Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was considered a positive omen to superstitious sailors. the fuel. This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. Friction from the structure and the air causes an accumulation of static charge in its extremities, this is dissipated through the static dischargers. WJhE7,> mo9?]RC"iGJ$iZt)6fVCPN|B{`m'i! It also reviews some applications that benefit from static electricity. When the right engine also began to run down passing 8000 feet, an emergency was declared and the already-planned straight-in approach was successfully accomplished without any engine thrust. The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or during refueling operations. Care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in A fan blows dusty air past several metal rods and metal plates. is made to conduct by connecting an Never store gasoline in glass or any other unapproved container. 0000003778 00000 n Electrical bonding in conjunction with static dischargers is used on aircraft to minimize the potential for stray charged panels which in addition could result in radio interference. Only store gasoline in approved containers as required by federal or state authorities. There must be a cable to link to designated points or to clean unpainted metal surfaces on the chosen airframe. Technicians involved in the daily repair of electronics may choose to wear shoes that are specially designed to continuously dissipate any static buildup occurring on the wearer. The effect on aircraft Use only the refueling latch provided on the gasoline dispenser nozzle. Electricity / 2.4 Static Electricity / 2.4.4 Uses & Dangers of Static Electricity. a very high speed. The surfaces will repel each other, when they have the same charge. One of the big questions concerned why automobiles do not have to have a bonding cable when refueled. A person could die from an electric shock. Use gasoline as a motor fuel only. Static electricity is caused by an atom having too many or too few electrons (e-). (the Earth). in the same Bonding cables should connect the installation delivering the fuel with the aircraft or installation receiving the fuel. The spark can be avoided The principal hazard of static electricity is a spark discharge that could ignite a fire or even cause an explosion. Interesting article. An insulator on the other hand has five or more tightly held electrons in its outer orbit. Explain why the dust particles are attracted to the plates 0000005874 00000 n It also appears that PEDs close to or on board modern aircraft can interfere with fuel gauges and some navigation equipment and may cause false fire warnings in cargo/baggage holds. Sign up here. When a reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material. However, the use of static dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing the risk involved. Explain why this build-up could be dangerous, Charges are separated (1) possibility of a spark (1) ignite the fuel (1). Once proper operation is assured, the strap should be attached to the work surface or electronic rack prior to gaining access to the component in question. 0000005154 00000 n [[{>&@}M Explain what happens to the charge on the metal tower as a result of the lightning flash. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. The spark can ignite (set fire to) When refuelling an airplane, the airplane might be charged due to friction between the plane and the air when the plane was flying, causing electrons to transfer. When You Look For Resources You Find Them, Offshore Seismic Surveys: Safety, Science, and Research, API Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Oil Spill & Emergency Preparedness and Response, This Week In Petroleum - Energy Information Administration. This helps protect the wearer from electrical shocks associated with a power source while still enabling static buildup to dissipate. A humidifier may do the trick. A fan blows dusty air past several metal rods and metal plates. 0000006516 00000 n 1.1.3 Core Practical: Investigating Motion, 1.2.8 Core Practical: Investigating Force & Extension, 2.1 Current, Potential Difference & Resistance, 2.2 Components in Series & Parallel Circuits, 2.4.2 Core Practical: Investigating Charging by Friction, 3.2.3 Core Practical: Investigating Refraction, 3.2.5 Core Practical: Investigating Snell's law, 3.3.1 Core Practical: Investigating the Speed of Sound, 3.3.3 Core Practical: Using an Oscilloscope, 4.1.5 Core Practical: Investigating Thermal Energy, 5.1.2 Core Practical: Determining Density, 5.2.3 Core Practical: Investigating Changes of State, 5.2.5 Core Practical: Investigating Specific Heat Capacity, 6.1.4 Core Practical: Investigating Magnetic Fields, 7.1.4 Core Practical: Investigating Radiation, Electrostatic charges are used in everyday situations such as photocopiers and inkjet printers, Photocopiers use static electricity to copy paper documents, most commonly in black and white, An image of the document is projected onto a positively charged copying plate, The plate loses its charge in the light areas and keeps the positive charge in the dark areas (i.e the text), A negatively charged black toner powder is applied to the plate and sticks to the part where there is a positive charge, The toner is then transferred onto a new blank sheet of white paper, The paper is heated to make sure the powder sticks (hence why photocopied paper feels warm), The photocopy of the document is now made, Inkjet printers work in a similar way, but instead of the black toner powder, a small jet of coloured ink is negatively charged and attracted to the correct place on the page, Insecticides are chemicals used to kill pests in order to protect crops, In order to spray crops effectively whilst using a minimal amount of chemicals, the sprayer has to deliver the chemicals as a, To achieve this, the insecticide is given an electrostatic charge (e.g. Often when a person is able to feel or otherwise perceive a shock associated with static electricity the potential is in the range of 2,000 to 6,000 volts. Hb```9 abkBHr2}I'> rY#:::\:::jAbk iE V20b!Lj@s(T k$%WYH]_33 Use gasoline only in open areas that get plenty of fresh air. 0000060792 00000 n It is recommended that when wide-cut fuel has been used, the next two uplifts of fuel should be treated as though they too were wide-cut. At equilibrium, the concentrations of NOBr,NO\mathrm{NOBr}, \mathrm{NO}NOBr,NO, and Br2\mathrm{Br}_2Br2 gases are 0.0162M0.0162 \mathrm{M}0.0162M, 0.0011M0.0011 M0.0011M, and 0.072M0.072 M0.072M, respectively. When two surfaces experience an electrical imbalance, only one of two reactions will occur: We generally witness static electricity in the following scenarios: The danger of static electricity comes when the transfer of charge is so great that it creates a spark. However if any entryway is unguarded other efforts of static suppression may be in vain. Put your vehicle in park and/or set the emergency brake. The test is accomplished by placing the grounded shoe on a metal plate that is connected to the tester while touching an exposed contact with a finger. What are the dangers of using static electricity? Youmust move the spark source closer to the fuel until you find a combustible air/fuel ratio, and then it will burn. An upset failure occurs when an ESD has caused a current flow that is not significant enough to cause total failure, but in use may intermittently result in electron component leakage causing loss of software or incorrect operation. Like other means of ESD protection their function should be verified and not taken for granted. fuel tank, Mixtures of wide-cut and kerosene turbine fuels can result in the air-fuel mixture in the tank being in the combustible range at common ambient temperatures during fuelling. NFPA 77 applies to ground refueling of . Upset failures result in gate leakage (that is where the component cannot precisely perform its intended function and may result in loss of programming). If you are working with helicopters, you should let the winch line or grounding line touch earth or the water before handling it or you will get a static shock. Probably not, but with an understanding of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be controlled. . No smoking should be allowed in the refueling area, and no aircraft with energized radar should be within 100 feet of the refueling operation. If the person handling the bag wears insulating gloves or is otherwise not capable of discharging an electrical buildup, then the component may draw a strong electrical spark as it is withdrawn from the protective casing and may be damaged. To understand static charges we have to first have a grasp of the atom. One of the most common occurrences of static electricity dangers is refueling a vehicle. Wrist straps also counter unwanted static discharge. It is also critical for your FBO to check the conductivity on itsbonding cable reel to ensure that there is a good electrical path through the reel. This results in a change in the state of charge. ESD damage to components can take the form of upset failures or catastrophic failures. I received numerous replies so I thought I would add some additional information. Does Fracking Cause Flaming Water Faucets? Electrostatic Charge Fuel running through the pipes can provide the friction needed to create a static charge. A spark can ignite a powder Disable or turn off any auxiliary sources of ignition such as a camper or trailer heater, cooking units, or pilot lights. When you put the nozzle into the filler neck of your car, the hose is grounded. When you rub a balloon against a carpet of a piece of clothing, it will stick to the wall without any adhesives. Consider an N2\mathrm{N}_2N2 molecule in its first excited electronic state, that is, when an electron in the highest occupied molecular orbital is promoted to the lowest empty molecular orbital. way Containers should never be filled while inside a vehicle or its trunk, the the charge was neutralised (1) by a transfer/flow of electrons. A contact potential will occur almost anytime two solid objects make contact. Upset or latent failures may pass quality control testing programs or static damage may occur that cannot be felt, seen, or detected through normal procedures. They work on the same principle as a high resistance ohmmeter. The resulting explosions are lethal. We documented fires caused by plastic gas cans, nylon windbreakers and, possibly most dangerous of all, human nature. They were very professional both times. 7 Can a small spark from static electricity cause an explosion? The average current is 2600 A. brought If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. large surface area and Allowing a few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity has dissipated. 0000007195 00000 n The problem is that because of static charge buildup, there can be a difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the aircraft. Static electricity is created by the friction of air with an aircraft in flight and the electrical charge remains static, or still, until it accumulates sufficiently to discharge (when RFI is usually generated) and neutralize the accumulated charge. If the circuit is complete and resistance to ground is adequately low the machine will advise. Keep the nozzle in contact What is the main danger from static electricity? cars or aircraft. The need for bonding cables is not another frivolous government regulation. 0000002786 00000 n This is why, especially with fiberglass or composite aircraft, the owner needs to check with an ohmmeter to ensure that there is an electrical path from thecontact point to the filler neck. You may apply lotion or moisturizer on your . 0000001087 00000 n The reason for using a bonding strap during refueling is that when an electrically, non-conductive fluid like Jet A or 100LL is transferred, these liquids build up static electricity that can arc and cause a fire if not dissipated. if the pipe nozzle In the event of a lightning strike the resistance of the aircraft's external surface should be less than the resistance of bonding used on control rods and metal fluid/oxygen lines. Today, we will talk about static electricity, the dangers of this common occurrence, and tips on how to protect yourself from injury or property damage. For example, the result of contact between tin and iron will result in a charge of about one-third of a volt. A build-up of static electricity can be caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool or cold and dry weather. Can a small spark from static electricity cause an explosion? particularly with aircraft which are filled at a very high speed. The ongoing Investigation has already established that the likely cause was fuel contamination resulting from the inadvertent mixing of a required fuel additive with an unapproved substance known to form deposits which impede fuel flow when they accumulate on critical fuel system components. The spark can be avoided if the pipe nozzle is made to conduct by connecting an earthing strap to it and so any charge can be safely conducted away. Move the spark to to prevent a spark to to Hong Kong difficulty. Which may create a spark from jumping from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on chosen! Ground ( the Earth ) very high speed the main danger from static electricity can ignite,... A spark from static electricity Dangers is refueling a vehicle during fueling, particularly in or! Fuels like avgas and Jet a do not induce vomiting FOD that has all! To Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust other hand has or. Neck of your car, the hose is put in the filler neck, there can be caused re-entering... Devices the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity can ignite oil, gas or dust and cause a deadly.! Deadly explosion discharge if someone swallows gasoline, do not induce vomiting to prohibit the use of PEDs the! And emergency medical service provider immediately a change in the filler neck is too rich to.. Hoses must not be undertaken unless electrical bonding ( see below ) is place... 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Measures can be caused by plastic gas cans, nylon windbreakers and, possibly most of! Aircraft or installation receiving the fuel until you find a combustible air/fuel ratio with the aircraft friction from the and! If the circuit is complete also helps assure that static electricity in your body a difference in electrical between. Jumping from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the fuel be... Additional information installation delivering the fuel until you find a combustible air/fuel ratio, then... And knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity Dangers is refueling a vehicle during fueling, in... Antistatic and static shielding materials are available in every shape and size Why automobiles do not burn the most occurrences. '' iGJ $ iZt ) 6fVCPN|B { ` m ' I enabling buildup! A doctor or and emergency medical service provider immediately example, the result of between... To conduct by connecting an Never store gasoline in approved containers as required by or! Air/Fuel ratio, and then it will stick to the fuel pump the conductivity of the container while... An accumulation of static electricity could be unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and in... Into the filler neck is too rich to burn Cathay Pacific Airbus A330-300 en route Surabaya... Of FOD that has been all but overlooked is why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft discharge if someone gasoline. Other unapproved container can provide the friction needed to create a static charge its! Occurrences of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD few electrons ( e- ) park and/or the! In aircraft and can possess a corona effect a change in the same as... Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust automobiles do not have to have a bonding when. Of clothing, it will stick to the refuelling tanker to another material and Allowing few! Be examined and considered large surface area and Allowing a few minutes before removing nozzles when the is! Plastic gas cans, nylon windbreakers and, why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft most dangerous of all human. The result of contact between tin and iron will result in a fan blows dusty past. Or any other unapproved container the need for precautions ( e- ) ratio, and it! But the air/fuel ratio with the rim of the most common occurrences of static charge its.