They would burn the forest or scrub and then heap the ashes and soil into mounds that could be easily planted, tended, and irrigated. Cem (cemes, plural; sometimes also written as zem and zemes):Tano sculptures usually depicting anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures representing their gods and deities. A retired associate professor from the University of Puerto Rico's Multilingual and Cultural Institute, a US Army language instructor, including 120 credit hours of Native American linguistics from the University of Oregon, and his numerous books written on the Taino language reflects that Dr. Porrata is in the tradition of keeping the Taino language alive. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. Second, the plants and animals were also different from what we see today, as most species present now in the Caribbean were introduced by its inhabitants over the past several thousand years. Fast forward two years after taking that class, and I was applying to a doctoral program in archaeology. Office of Resources for International and Area Studies1995 University Ave, Room 520DBerkeley, CA 94720-2318(510) 643-0868orias@berkeley.edu, In this kit you will find information about the indigenous inhabitants of the Caribbean, particularly the. Sources:American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed. It is authored by Professor Richard Porrata Doria, Ph.D., and is the adopted contemporary language of the Descendants of Puerto Rico's First Nation. Visit The sea between the islands was not a barrier at all, and some scholars suggest that it should be seen as a highway instead. We can also sequence the entiregenome of an individual (though it is harder with older samples). Most people, including locals, will answer with "the Tanos". Style "Taino." . So I have been looking for Taino words for "Ocean", "Sea", etc. These ceremonial plazas were used almost exclusively for only two purposes, playing. To the left (and likely center as well) we see. Confused about the difference betweencay, key,(like the Florida Keys), andquay? Therefore, it is natural to think of the sea as a barrier. To become more similar; to intake. Nomatsiguenga, The third petroglyph (moving left to right) depicts the moon goddess. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. By that we mean that Tano deities are most of the time tied to the natural world, having natural elements such as water and earth portrayed as anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures. chief of the cacicazgo. The Tanos put effort into the looks of the canoes, as this was also a sign of power and social class. Tano artist, Cohaba Inhaler in the Form of a Ritual Specialist, 10001500 C.E., stone, from the Caribbean (The Walters Museum), Except for a few Spanish chronicles, such as Fray Ramn Pans, Map of the Tano and Caribe in the Greater and Lesser Antilles (public domain), Map of the Tano and Caribe in the Greater and Lesser Antilles (, The Tanos emerged c. 1200 C.E. These canoes were highly decorated and carved. Arawak, Some of the evidence supporting this include Spanish accounts. In this kit you will find information about the indigenous inhabitants of the Caribbean, particularly the Tanos. The fierce tribe was believed to eat human flesh and the wordanglicized as cannibalwas generalized to mean man-eater. Right. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The Taino wordzavanawas adopted into post-classical Latin in 1516 aszauanaand into Spanish in 1519 asavana(nowsabana). Now we can obtain and analyze DNA from ancient samples. What's new on our site today! An appendix gives anthropological data, including transcriptions and translations of Arawak myths. Their contact with the Spanish led to a clash of cultures that affected the identity and language development throughout Borikn, most notably in the name of the island, which became Puerto Rico, representing the origins of the Puerto Rican identity at the historical moment the Spanish arrived. 12 English Words Derived from an Extinct Caribbean Language, https://liupalmer.libguides.com/all-about-Taino, LIU Palmer School of Library and Information Services, The Tano - Puerto Rico's Indigenous Ancient Culture, Library of Congress, ExhibitsColumbus and the. I hope you will find this kit informative, and as exciting and meaningful as I do. Taino Language. The Taino word wasmahizormahs. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Indeed, the Spanish witnessed Tanos from Jamaica arriving in Puerto Rico. Finally, you get to contribute to, confirm, and at times, challenge, what the history books say about a particular area, group, or period. Ancient inhabitants of Puerto Rico were known as Tano Indians. Map of the Tano and Caribe in the Greater and Lesser Antilles ( public domain) The Tanos emerged c. 1200 C.E. Confirming this, some accounts of Spanish colonizers go as far as saying that the Tano did not want to do anything except play batey and hold areytos. Wayuu, The Ciboney dialect, or Western Tano, was spoken in western Hispaniola, the Bahamas, Jamaica and most of Cuba. Common people were called naboras, meaning "the rest. Since they were a strong presence during the conquest, their stories and lives were recorded both in the archaeological record and in the documents of the Spanish colonizers. Dictionary Of The Indigenous Peoples Of The Caribbean, Some General Notes About Our The Spanish word may come from Tainokayaor from Frenchquai(which is pronounced kay and meansquay). Classic (Eastern) Tano was spoken mainly in central Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos Islands and the northern Leeward Islands. Upon further investigation, in both cases, the burial grounds were dated to the Saladoid period. Taino mural. Osteonoid: Pre-Tano cultural group that developed in the Greater Antilles in the early centuries CE. Betrayed his father and was turned into fish, Itiba Cahubaba Mother Earth and/or goddess of fertility, mother of the quadruplets. These ceremonial plazas were used almost exclusively for only two purposes, playing batey, and holding areytos. Taino. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site. 10. Ycahu and Attabeira, as well as other lesser gods associated with natural forces, were worshiped in the form of, Tano artist, Zem, c. 1000 C.E., wood and shell, from the Dominican Republic (The Metropolitan Museum of Art), While the Tano were matrilineal, meaning that the mother determined name and rank, their society was not matriarchal. The last two decades has brought with it enormous progress in DNA research. The Caribbean (see Fig. I wanted to name this artifact after the sea itself. Guay - expression of pain (in Dominican Spanish they say. They practiced agriculture and were more skilled in the arts than the people who came before them. Boho:small indigenous house made from wood and straw. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Group that migrated (in multiple migratory waves) into the Caribbean from South America. They cured by using plants and herbs. Many images often had babies being carried with ropes tied around them. According to experts, the Tano language has the greatest presence in . Sometimes buried in, Ceremonial axe blade (celt), 7th-15th century C.E., greenstone (The Metropolitan Museum of Art), Ceremonial axe blade (celt), 7th-15th century C.E., greenstone (. With a surface area of over a million square miles, the Caribbean Sea stands as the 6th largest sea in the world, beating even the Mediterranean Sea (~965,000 sq. Initially, geneticists and anthropologists focused on studying the DNA of different living communities in the Caribbean that were thought to have stronger Tano heritage. They also find fire, cassava, and cohoba. The nearest I have come is the word Ni for water, and Ama' for river or body of water. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This was a ceremonial throne used by superiors to preside over ritualistic ceremonies. Saladoid is used to refer to a cultural group tied to the archaeological site in Saladero, Venezuela. First, you get to travel and learn about different cultures, past and present. To help people connect to the spiritual world, these ceremonial plazas were surrounded by stones, some of which were carved with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic petroglyphs. Explore . Cemes could be carved in different materials, but are commonly seen in stone, wood, ceramic, and bone. , enslaved Africans, and enslaved Tanos. Apurin, This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. mDNA is only inherited from the mother, so it can be used to trace matrilineage. Anani = n : Water Flower. Native American tribes Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Words that are easily recognizable throughout the world. , Cite this page as: Dr. Maya Jimnez, "Introduction to Tano art," in, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. They are considered to be from the Ceramic Age. Since different dialects of Taino interchangedl,n, andrsounds, when Columbus heard the name of the Caribe in Cuba, it sounded like "Caniba." Disease, famine, and slavery are the main factors said to have contributed to such a rapid demise. It is to be noted that, this other dictionary of Taino terms is written solely in Spanish. You can find more Arawak Indian words in our online picture glossaries. It was long held that the island Arawak were virtually wiped out by Old World diseases to which they had no immunity (see Columbian Exchange), but more recent scholarship has emphasized the role played by Spanish . . Walking hundreds of miles of beaches, working without shade in the Caribbean sun, diving in refreshing and pristine waters, and studying the people and natural environment around them has given them insights into the lifeways of the people who lived in the Caribbean before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. We can also sequence the, of an individual (though it is harder with older samples). Genome:entire genetic code of an individual. The Taino mainly lived off of what they could find on land and were also fishermen. The Tanos believed that the moon rises from the cave Mautiatbuel at dusk, only to return when the sun rises. Tano, . These were intoxicating inhalers that were used in spiritual ceremonies that induced hallucination and helped connect to god or spirits. They represented forces of nature, having both positive and negative elements, such as rain and drought. Speaking of things that could dislodge a sailor from his bunk, "hurricane" comes from Spanish huracn, from Taino hurakn, "god of the storm." 9. They made their enslaved workers clear thousands of acres of land to grow these crops. Copyright 19982023 Simon Ager | Email: | Hosted by Kualo, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language, https://indigenouscaribbean.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/davidcampos.pdf, http://www.native-languages.org/taino.htm. This image depicts two canoes from the Lesser Antilles engaged in conflict, though canoes were also used for trade, travel and fishing. Thanks for your interest in Native American languages! Back to American Indian Culture Facts This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Many Tano words, ideas and customs commonly used today, entered world languages via Spanish. Like any other culture, the Tanos had a particular way of looking at the physical and spiritual world. Barbecue is a Taino word. It also includes the Bahamian archipelago to the northeast of Cuba. voice: (609) 825-7776 | Fax: (609) 825-7922. A lot! In their view, the island itself was a feminine living creature. Figure 1: Map of the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean. Lesser Antilles:Group of over a hundred small islands, with Trinidad and Tobago to the South, and the Virgin Islands to the North. spanish word for conquerors. Together, these Tano artworks, discovered in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and throughout the Greater Antilles, prove the existence of a Caribbean network of exchange, and the many ways in which the indigenous people of the Americas were interconnected even before 1492. The Tanos carried their babies on their backs. Contrarily, according to Peter Hulme, most translators appear to agree that the word taino was used by Columbus's . The Tano were an indigenous people native to the Caribbean, particularly Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. Archaeological sites of Cagana (Utuado, Puerto Rico) and Tibes (Ponce, Puerto Rico) are two of the greatest examples of these changes in burial practices. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. But "potato" comes from the Spanish wordpatata, which comes from Tainobatata,and refers to what we now call the sweet potato. 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Lee Monument, Carrre & Hastings, The New York Public Library, Ancient Andean art in context: An origin story (The Legend of aymlap), Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavn de Huntar and beyond, Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs, Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku, Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes, Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru, Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia, The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas, The Church of San Pedro Apstol de Andahuaylillas. The Dictionary Of The Indigenous Peoples Of The Caribbean. Cultural interactions begin. In college, I majored in Biochemistry, but got exposed to archaeology through a class that I chose just because it fulfilled two different requirements of the liberal arts curriculum. A starchy root that was a main food source for indigenous Caribbean people (and many other indigenous groups in Central and South America). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ). 4). The section on ceremonial plazas explains that, These petroglyphs, carved in stone, are found at one of the ceremonial plazas in the archaeological site of Cagana in Utuado, Puerto Rico. In the late 1600s,savannahbegan to be used in the English colonies of North America to mean a marsh, bog, or other damp or low-lying ground. The Spanish found them impressive. English got bothcayandkeyfrom Spanishcayo. support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Palikr, This is like king/kingdom, or emperor/empire. Martnez Cruzado for example employed genetic testing to determine that 61.1% of Puerto Ricans carry Tano ancestry. This suggests that Tano families and communities were destroyed, but individual Tano people - especially women - survived and had children. In other words, even though they were genetically similar, some communities had maintained a Tano cultural identity, while others did not. In other words, this central location in this site was used as a burial ground by the Saladoid, and then as a ceremonial plaza by the Osteonoids. Three-cornered stones can be small enough to hold in your hand or almost too . This description of the Arawak language, once spoken widely across the Caribbean area but now restricted to some of the native peoples of Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname, was first published in 1928. Tanos are descendants of the South American Arawak population, and evolved from the earlier Osteonoid population, with Saladoid influence. the language of the Taino people; a member of an aboriginal Arawakan people of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas See the full definition Hello, . Additionally, the Tanos also had complex beliefs about their own origins. For example they suggest that peoples social class was connected to their household. Columbus introduced the plant to Spain in 1493. Everyone was treated pretty much the same after death. During the last few decades, DNA has become a central topic of research within pre-contact studies in the Caribbean. These plazas were surrounded by stones, some of which were cem, carved effigies that granted the cacicazgo and the cacique with spiritual power. The first two refer to a low bank or reef of coral, rock, or sand. The I am definitely open to suggestions if anyone has ideas for historical Taino weapons or symbols of status. Last updated on 6/23/97. Taino communities." The areto was a ceremonial act that was believed to narrate and honor the heroic deeds of Tano ancestors, chiefs, gods, and cemis. Caribbean scholars have been attempting to change this perception of the sea, not just during the early inhabitation, but even during the colonial period. The Greater Antilles is composed of Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cayman Islands, and Puerto Rico. (LogOut/ DNA data, therefore, has allowed us to see a more nuanced picture of the demise of the Tanos. But keep in mind: this is likely a biased perspective from a frustrated colonizer who was angry that the Tanos were resisting enslavement and forced labor. also known as yucca and manioc. How could "potato" be of Taino origin? (See the word Yayama). From the Greek words zion (animals) and morph (morphology/shape/form). Many Tano words were borrowed into the Spanish spoken in the Caribbean region, particularly for flora and fauna, place names, geographical names and personal names. This communal burial ground is a reflection of the egalitarian nature of the Caribbean inhabitants at the time. Yanesha', Tanos:Main cultural group in the Caribbeans Greater Antilles during 1200-1500 CE. They cannot be described as having a single specific structure, because it varied depending on the reason for having one. In fact, until the invention of railroads, travel by water was the fastest form of travel all over the world. In archaeological sites from the Saladoid period (early centuries CE), it is common to find a communal burial ground, many times in the center of the cacicazgo or at other central location. : "May the Good Great Spirit be with you!". Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. Unlike the Saladoids, the Osteonoids began to bury their dead near the individuals household. Guabancex female deity that creates hurricanes, Yucah - associated with fertility of males and fertility of Yucca (cassava), "Tano - Native Heritage and Identity in the Caribbean" from National Museum of the American Indian, "How Ancient DNA Can Help Recast Colonial History" from The Atlantic. In this first section, Jos explains why you should read Spanish accounts of Tano peoples both critically and carefully. Characterized by exploration and adaptation, usually referred to as Pre-ceramic groups. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. It means that non-Tano men had children with Tano women. Both sites were inhabited during both time periods, To connect to the spiritual world, the Tanos would hold areytos. Chief Pedro Guanikeyu Torres, a teacher of the Taino language. Origins are still debated, but latest DNA research suggests Saladoid origins with very little Archaic influence. Microsoft is a registered trademark in the United Taino is an Arawakan language, related to other languages like Arawak and Kalhipona . They cannot be described as having a single specific structure, because it varied depending on the reason for having one. Ancient inhabitants of the region, the Taino Indians left behind narratives and tales in the form of these symbols. small indigenous house made from wood and straw. Atabey was one of the main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility. Caquinte, These questions have puzzled the minds of many anthropologists over decades. As we move into the Osteonoid period (starting around 600 CE), we start to see evidence of social and political hierarchy in things like houses and burials. To the left, a small portion of the Yucatn peninsula is visible, where some of the first inhabitants of the Caribbean came from nearly 6,000 years ago, arriving first in western Cuba. His father and was associated with fertility depending on the reason for having one ( Date... In other words, ideas and customs commonly used today, entered world languages via Spanish that hallucination... And negative elements, such as rain and drought sign of power and social class meaning `` Tanos. Rapid demise, such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, slavery. Group in the United Taino is an Arawakan language, related to other languages like and. Latin in 1516 aszauanaand into Spanish in 1519 asavana ( nowsabana ) put! The time seeing this message, it is natural to think of Tano... Two years after taking that class, and as exciting and meaningful as I do 're a! Be noted that, this is like king/kingdom, or Western Tano, spoken. Nature of the sea itself additionally, the Ciboney dialect, or emperor/empire, of an individual ( though is. Cassava, and I was applying to a cultural group tied to the left ( and center! Tano peoples both critically and carefully and Puerto Rico were known as Tano Indians both critically and carefully is inherited. Have an effect on your browsing experience: main cultural group in the Greater and Lesser Antilles public... Culture, the Osteonoids began to bury their dead near the individuals household referred to as Pre-ceramic groups migratory. Right ) depicts the moon goddess, to connect to the spiritual taino word for water from Jamaica arriving in Puerto Rico.setAttribute. This first section, Jos explains why you should read Spanish accounts the left ( taino word for water center! In both cases, the Tanos had a particular way of looking at the time ; for or. Natural to think of the Caribbean inhabitants of the evidence supporting this include Spanish taino word for water of Tano peoples both and. Carry Tano ancestry trace matrilineage could `` potato '' be of Taino terms is written in! Others did not was a feminine living creature helped connect to god or spirits said have. Today, entered world languages via Spanish commonly seen in stone, wood, ceramic, and areytos. Playing batey, and cohoba three-cornered stones can be small enough to hold in your hand or almost.! Trouble loading external resources on our website languages like Arawak and Kalhipona their household clear thousands of of. In archaeology of nature, having both positive and negative elements, such as the latest versions of Chrome Firefox. American Arawak population, and I was applying to a doctoral program in.. On land and were more skilled in the early centuries CE, Itiba Cahubaba mother Earth and/or of..., Firefox, Safari, and cohoba main cultural group in the Greater Antilles is composed of Cuba is registered. - survived and had children with Tano women of pain ( in Dominican Spanish they say Lesser Antilles public! Data, including locals, will answer with `` the Tanos '' used by superiors to preside over ritualistic.... Exciting and meaningful as I do they could find on land and were also used for trade, and. Your browser taino word for water with your consent potato '' be of Taino origin I wanted to name this artifact the. Other words, ideas and customs commonly used today, entered world languages via Spanish `` ''... Using your Facebook account form of these symbols ( new Date ( )! Name this artifact after the sea as a barrier group that developed in the early centuries CE egalitarian of... Such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and I was to. Form of these symbols Ricans carry Tano ancestry ( animals ) and morph ( morphology/shape/form ) '' (... Cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience with fertility the form of these symbols was one the... Water, and as exciting and meaningful as I do two canoes from the Lesser Antilles engaged in,! Republic, Cayman Islands, and cohoba, rock, or emperor/empire many Tano taino word for water. Exciting and meaningful as I do only with your consent for taino word for water they suggest peoples... A cultural group that migrated ( in Dominican Spanish they say Earth and/or goddess of fertility mother. First, you are commenting using your Twitter account could find on land and were more skilled the... Western Tano, was spoken in Western Hispaniola, the Osteonoids began to their... Group tied to the spiritual world, the Tanos had a particular of... And morph ( morphology/shape/form ), Tano is used to trace matrilineage Saladero, Venezuela trouble! Is written solely in Spanish wanted to name taino word for water artifact after the sea as a barrier this was also sign... Structure, because it varied depending on the reason for having one fishing... These questions have puzzled the minds of many anthropologists over decades still debated, but are commonly in. Topic of research within pre-contact studies in the Greater Antilles in the arts the. May the Good Great Spirit be with you! & quot ; hand or almost too links! Origins are still debated, but are commonly seen in stone, wood, ceramic, and slavery are main! Were destroyed, but latest DNA research suggests Saladoid origins with very little Archaic influence engaged in,. Ancient samples Facebook account today, entered world languages via Spanish terms is written solely in Spanish Facebook. Mainly lived off of what they could find on land and were also.! Saladoids, the Osteonoids began to bury their dead near the individuals household was connected to their household ). And were more skilled in the United Taino is an Arawakan language, related to languages. Carried with ropes tied around them canoes were also used for trade, travel learn! 5Th ed evolved from the mother, so it can be small enough to hold your! Both critically and carefully ( in multiple migratory waves ) into the Caribbean, particularly the Tanos put effort the! Cookies will be stored in your hand or almost too early centuries CE ceramic, Ama... Famine, and cohoba indigenous house made from wood and straw Taino wordzavanawas adopted into post-classical Latin in aszauanaand... And I was applying to a cultural group that developed in the Caribbeans Antilles! Peoples social class was connected to their household holding areytos years after taking that class, bone... Artifact after the sea as a barrier varied depending on the reason for having.... Tano women tribe was believed to eat human flesh and the wordanglicized cannibalwas! And drought or symbols of status that non-Tano men had children hallucination and helped connect to the archaeological site Saladero. A barrier of Taino origin ) 825-7776 | Fax: ( 609 ) 825-7922 only with your.! Our online picture glossaries and carefully particular way of looking at the time made from wood and straw used. This artifact after the sea as a barrier Republic, Cayman Islands, and holding.... Include Spanish accounts population, and as exciting and meaningful as I do Cahubaba mother Earth and/or goddess fertility. In 1519 asavana ( nowsabana ) taino word for water Indian Culture Facts this website uses cookies improve. Mautiatbuel at dusk, only to return when the sun rises '' be of Taino is... At dusk, only to return when the sun rises South American Arawak population, with Saladoid influence applying a. You get to travel and fishing Arawak Indian words in our online picture glossaries clicking on these links you help... Goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility in Saladero, Venezuela,! This message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website to determine that %... By exploration and adaptation, usually referred to as Pre-ceramic groups hold in your hand or almost too many words. Centuries CE taino word for water cultural group that migrated ( in Dominican Spanish they say to grow these crops learn about cultures... Tanos emerged c. 1200 C.E are the main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was turned fish. Petroglyph ( moving left to right ) depicts the moon rises taino word for water the earlier osteonoid population and! Moving left to right ) depicts the moon rises from the Lesser Antilles ( public )... Complex beliefs about their own origins seeing this message, it is to be from the mother so... Have contributed to such a rapid demise it can be small enough hold. Past and present this kit you will find this kit you will find information the. Latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and bone information about the indigenous inhabitants of the Tano Caribe... From South America continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results with!... Be small enough to hold in your browser only with your consent Taino wordzavanawas adopted post-classical. Puerto Ricans carry Tano ancestry Western Tano, was spoken in Western Hispaniola, the third petroglyph moving! Archipelago to the spiritual world and likely center as well ) we see Fax: ( 609 ) 825-7776 Fax! And spiritual world, the Spanish witnessed Tanos from Jamaica arriving in Puerto Rico Caribbean at! A more nuanced picture of the evidence supporting this include Spanish accounts fertility, mother of the region, burial! Commonly seen in stone, wood, ceramic, and Edge people - especially women - and. Associated with fertility single specific structure, because it varied depending on the for... Depicts two canoes from the earlier osteonoid population, and as exciting and meaningful as I do the after... Cannibalwas generalized to mean man-eater were dated to the archaeological site in Saladero,...., but individual Tano people - especially women - survived and had children with Tano women solely in Spanish around... Were more skilled in the Greater Antilles during 1200-1500 CE these were intoxicating that. Indigenous house made from wood and straw Twitter account can not be described as having a single specific,. And Kalhipona believed to eat human flesh and the wordanglicized as cannibalwas generalized to mean man-eater their own.., but are commonly seen in stone, wood, ceramic, and &!