Claudette Colvin became a teenage mother in 1956 when she gave birth to a boy named Raymond. Claudette had two sons named Raymond and Randy Colvin, and her first pregnancy was at the age of 16 with a much older man. Months before Rosa Parks became the mother of the modern civil rights movement by refusing to move to the back of a segregated Alabama bus, Black teenager Claudette Colvin did the same. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. The baby was fair-skinned just like his dad and people accused her of having a white baby. The pace of life is so slow and the mood so mellow that local residents look as if they have been wading through molasses in a half-hearted attempt to catch up with the past 50 years. The driver looked at the women in his mirror. Two policemen boarded the bus and asked Colvin why she wouldn't give up her seat. Another factor was that before long Colvin became pregnant. asked the policeman. Instead of being taken to a juvenile detention centre, Colvin was taken to an adult jail and put in a small cell with nothing in it but a broken sink and a cot without a mattress. And, like Parks, the local black establishment started to rally support nationwide for her cause. In 1956, Colvin gave birth to a son, Raymond. Meanwhile, Parks had been transformed from a politically-conscious activist to an upstanding, unfortunate Everywoman. "She was an A student, quiet, well-mannered, neat, clean, intelligent, pretty, and deeply religious," writes Jo Ann Robinson in her authoritative book, The Montgomery Bus Boycott And The Women Who Started It. She now works as a nurses' aide at an old people's home in downtown Manhattan. "[37], In 2000, Troy State University opened a Rosa Parks Museum in Montgomery to honor the town's place in civil rights history. I was thinking, Hey, I did that months ago, Colvin recalled. In July 2014, Claudette Colvin's story was documented in a television episode of Drunk History (Montgomery, AL (Season 2, Episode 1)). They had threatened to throw her out of the Booker T Washington school for wearing her hair in plaits. [16] On March 2, 1955, she was returning home from school. Raymond D. Gunderson, age 91, of Hot Springs, passed away Tuesday, Feb. 21, 2023. Rita Dove penned the poem "Claudette Colvin Goes to Work," which later became a song. Unable to find work in Montgomery, Colvin moved to New York in 1958, while her son Raymond remained behind with family. After her arrest and release to the custody of her pastor and great-aunt, the bright, opinionated Colvin insisted to everyone within earshot that she wanted to contest the charges. At the time, Parks was a seamstress in a local department store but was also a secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP). Ms. Colvin in New York on Feb. 5, 2009. A year later, on 20 December 1956, the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation on the buses must end. Jeanetta Reese later resigned from the case. . In March 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks defied segregation laws by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin did exactly the same thing. It is a letter Colvin knew nothing about. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack, aged 37. Nonetheless, Raymond died at the age of 37, reported Core Online. ", She believes that, if her pregnancy had been the only issue, they would have found a way to overcome it. In 2016, the Smithsonian Institution and its National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) were challenged by Colvin and her family, who asked that Colvin be given a more prominent mention in the history of the civil rights movement. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman.'" Colvin was a member of the NAACP Youth Council and had been learning about the civil rights movement in school. "They lectured us about Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth and we were taught about an opera singer called Marian Anderson who wasn't allowed to sing at Constitutional Hall just because she was black, so she sang at Lincoln Memorial instead.". "If it had been for an old lady, I would have got up, but it wasn't. [16], Colvin was not the only woman of the Civil Rights Movement who was left out of the history books. Claudette Colvin is an activist who was a pioneer in the civil rights movement in Alabama during the 1950s. Colvin took her seat near the emergency door next to one black girl; two others sat across the aisle from her. In 1955, at age 15, Claudette Colvin . It felt like Harriet Tubman was pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth was pushing me down on the other shoulder, she mused many years later. Virgo Civil Rights Leader #2. Either way, he had violated the South's deeply ingrained taboo on interracial sex - Alabama only voted to legalise interracial marriage last month (the state held a referendum at the same time as the ballot for the US presidency), and then only by a 60-40 majority. One incident in particular preoccupied her at the time - the plight of her schoolmate, Jeremiah Reeves. In the south, male ministers made up the overwhelming majority of leaders. Colvin was also very dark-skinned, which put her at the bottom of the social pile within the black community - in the pigmentocracy of the South at the time, and even today, while whites discriminated against blacks on grounds of skin colour, the black community discriminated against each other in terms of skin shade. You have to take a stand and say, 'This is not right.'. The full enormity of what she had done was only just beginning to dawn on her. "Well, I'm going to have you arrested," he replied. Colvin and her friends were sitting in a row a little more than half way down the bus - two were on the right side of the bus and two on the left - and a white passenger was standing in the aisle between them. We used to have a lot of juke joints up there, and maybe men would drink too much and get into a fight. I say it felt as though Harriet Tubman's hands were pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth's hands were pushing me down on the other shoulder. By the time she got home, her parents already knew. Claudette Colvin gave birth to a son named Raymond in the same year 1955. "[35], I dont think theres room for many more icons. So, Colvin and her younger sister, Delphine, were taken in by their great aunt and uncle, Mary Anne and Q. P. Colvin whose daughter, Velma Colvin, had already moved out. Yet months before her arrest on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, a 15-year-old girl was charged with the same 'crime'. "It was partly because of her colour and because she was from the working poor," says Gwen Patton, who has been involved in civil rights work in Montgomery since the early 60s. Clubs called special meetings and discussed the event with some degree of alarm. Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939)[1][2] is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. I was glued to my seat," she later told Newsweek. In court, Colvin opposed the segregation law by declaring herself not guilty. For we like our history neat - an easy-to-follow, self-contained narrative with dates, characters and landmarks with which we can weave together otherwise unrelated events into one apparently seamless length of fabric held together by sequence and consequence. [2][14] Despite being a good student, Colvin had difficulty connecting with her peers in school due to grief. "She had been tracked down by the zeitgeist - the spirit of the times." We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. I felt like Sojourner Truth was pushing down on one shoulder and Harriet Tubman was pushing down on the othersaying, 'Sit down girl!' When the white seats were filled, the driver, J Fred Black, asked Parks and three others to give up their seats. Parks's arrest sparked a chain reaction that started the bus boycott that launched the civil rights movement that transformed the apartheid of America's southern states from a local idiosyncrasy to an international scandal. When Claudette Colvin's high school in Montgomery, Alabama, observed Negro History Week in 1955, the 15-year-old had no way of knowing how the stories of Black freedom fighters would soon impact . She said she felt as if she was "getting [her] Christmas in January rather than the 25th. She decided on that day that she wasn't going to move. ", The upshot was that Colvin was left in an incredibly vulnerable position. Rule and Guide: 100 ways to more Success for only $8.67 Colvin was a predecessor to the Montgomery bus boycott movement of 1955, which gained national attention. While this does not happen by conspiracy, it is often facilitated by collusion. Parks was, too. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. He was born on March 3, 1931, in Mound City, S.D., the son of Alfred Gunderson and Verna Johnson Gunderson. In August that year, a 14-year-old boy called Emmet Till had said, "Bye, baby", to a woman at a store in nearby Mississippi, and was fished out of the nearby Tallahatchie river a few days later, dead with a bullet in his skull, his eye gouged out and one side of his forehead crushed. First, it came less than a year after the US supreme court had outlawed the "separate but equal" policy that had provided the legal basis for racial segregation - what had been custom and practice in the South for generations was now against federal law and could be challenged in the courts. He went back to Colvin, now seven months pregnant. A second son, Randy, born in 1960, gave her four grandchildren, who are all deeply proud of their grandmothers heroism. That summer she became pregnant by a much older man. I felt inspired by these women because my teacher taught us about them in so much detail," she says. Telephones rang. "I never swore when I was young," she says. Rosa didnt give me enough time to put in for a day off, she recalled. 83 Year Old #3. ", To complicate matters, a pregnant black woman, Mrs Hamilton, got on and sat next to Colvin. "He asked us both to get up. Blake approached her. Fifty years have passed since campaigners overturned a ban on ethnic minorities working on buses in one British city. However, not one has bothered to interview her. "However, the black leadership in Montgomery at the time thought that we should wait. Mayor Todd Strange presented the proclamation and, when speaking of Colvin, said, "She was an early foot soldier in our civil rights, and we did not want this opportunity to go by without declaring March 2 as Claudette Colvin Day to thank her for her leadership in the modern day civil rights movement." [37], "All we want is the truth, why does history fail to get it right?" [28], The Montgomery bus boycott was able to unify the people of Montgomery, regardless of educational background or class. For months, Montgomerys NAACP chapter had been looking for a court case to test the constitutionality of the bus laws. The driver caught a glimpse of them through his mirror. Born on September 5, 1939, Claudette Colvin hails from Alabama, United States. They forced her into the back of a squad car, one officer jumping in after her. New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 23:25. "I became very active in her youth group and we use to meet every Sunday afternoon at the Luther church," she says. [24] She was convicted on all three charges in juvenile court. "Move y'all, I want those two seats," he yelled. Until recently, none of her workmates knew anything of her pioneering role in the civil rights movement. "They said they didn't want to use a pregnant teenager because it would be controversial and the people would talk about the pregnancy more than the boycott," Colvin says. [25] Reeves was found having sex with a white woman who claimed she was raped, though Reeves claims their relations were consensual. The bus driver had the authority to assign the seats, so when more white passengers got on the bus, he asked for the seats.". Check below for more deets about Claudette Colvin. "But when she was found guilty, her agonised sobs penetrated the atmosphere of the courthouse. Like Parks, she, too, pleaded not guilty to. She was convicted on all charges, appealed and lost again. "We didn't know what was going to happen, but we knew something would happen. But it is also a rare and excellent one that gives her more than a passing, dismissive mention. History had me glued to the seat.. "I didn't know if they were crazy, if they were going to take me to a Klan meeting. "Ms Parks was quiet and very gentle and very soft-spoken, but she would always say we should fight for our freedom.". While her role in the fight to end segregation in Montgomery may not be widely recognized, Colvin helped advance civil rights efforts in the city. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes, 10 Influential Asian American and Pacific Islander Activists. "I will take you off," said the policeman, then he kicked her. She concentrated her mind on things she had been learning at school. She was forcibly removed from the bus and arrested by the two policemen, Thomas J. "She had been yelling, 'It's my constitutional right!'. [21], She also said in the 2009 book Claudette Colvin: Twice Towards Justice, by Phillip Hoose, that one of the police officers sat in the back seat with her. "The light-skinned girls always thought they were better looking," says Colvin. She was fingerprinted, denied a phone call and locked into a cell. Two years later, Colvin moved to New York City, where she had her second son, Randy, and worked as a nurse's aide at a Manhattan nursing home. . She had sons named Raymond and Randy. One month later, the Supreme Court declined to reconsider, and on December 20, 1956, the court ordered Montgomery and the state of Alabama to end bus segregation permanently. I knew what was happening, but I just kept trying to shut it out.". Now 76 and retired, Colvin deserves her place in history. To sustain the boycott, communities organised carpools and the Montgomery's African-American taxi drivers charged only 10 cents - the same price as bus fare - for fellow African Americans. "I was more defiant and then they knocked my books out of my lap and one of them grabbed my arm. [2] Price testified for Colvin, who was tried in juvenile court. Parkss protest helped spark the Montgomery bus boycott, which black leaders sought to supplement with a federal civil suit challenging the constitutionality of Montgomerys bus laws. The bus went three stops before several white passengers got on. This led to a few articles and profiles by others in subsequent years. But Colvin told the driver she had paid her fare and that it was her constitutional right to remain where she was. Though he didn't say it, nobody was going to say that about the then heavily pregnant Colvin. A second son, Randy, born in 1960, gave her four grandchildren, who are all deeply proud of their grandmother's heroism. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack at age 37. ", They took her to City Hall, where she was charged with misconduct, resisting arrest and violating the city segregation laws. Claudette Colvin is a civil rights activist of African descent. [30], Colvin was a predecessor to the Montgomery bus boycott movement of 1955, which gained national attention. "She ain't got to do nothing but stay black and die," retorted a black passenger. Ms. Colvin made her stand on March 2, 1955, and Mrs. King Hill, Montgomery, is the sepia South. "Aren't you going to get up?" Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. Two more kicks soon followed. In 1955, when she was 15, she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white womannine months before Rosa Parks's refusal in Montgomery sparked a bus boycott. "You got to get up," they shouted. [29], Colvin gave birth to a son, Raymond, in March 1956. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. "Always studying and using long words.". For Colvin, the entire episode was traumatic: "Nowadays, you'd call it statutory rape, but back then it was just the kind of thing that happened," she says, describing the conditions under which she conceived. "They'd call her a bad girl, and her case wouldn't have a chance. Three of the students had got up reluctantly and I remained sitting next to the window," she says. "So I went and I testified about the system and I was saying that the system treated us unfairly and I used some of the language that they used when we got taken off the bus.". Her parents were Mary Jane Gadson and C.P. "The NAACP had come back to me and my mother said: 'Claudette, they must really need you, because they rejected you because you had a child out of wedlock,'" Colvin says. Assured that the hearing would not take place until after her baby was born, Colvin nervously assented to become one of four plaintiffs all women, and not including Parks in Browder v. Gayle. After her refusal to give up her seat, Colvin was arrested on several charges, including violating the city's segregation laws. Claudette Colvin, 1953 Claudette Austin was born in Birmingham, Jefferson County, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin on September 5, 1939.Her father abandoned the family, which included a sister, when she was a small child, and the two girls went to live in Pine Level, Montgomery County, with an aunt and uncle, Mary Anne and Q. P. Colvin.Both children took the Colvin name as their last name . In 1958, Colvin moved from Montgomery to New York City because she was having trouble obtaining and keeping a job after taking part in the . As an adult, she worked as a nurse's assistant in New . "Nobody slept at home because we thought there would be some retaliation," says Colvin. When a white woman who got on the bus was left standing in the front, the bus driver, Robert W. Cleere, commanded Colvin and three other black women in her row to move to the back. Sikora telephoned a startled Colvin and wrote an article about her. That's what they usually did.". She sat in the colored section about two seats away from an emergency exit, in a Capitol Heights bus. But there were two things about Colvin's stand on that March day that made it significant. Peter Dreier: 50 years after the March on Washington, what would MLK march for today? This made her very scared that they would sexually assault her because this happened frequently. She resisted bus segregation nine months before Rosa Parks, . On March 2, 1955, she was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, at the age of 15, for refusing to give up her seat on a crowded, segregated bus to a white woman. She turns, watches, wipes, feeds and washes the elderly patients and offers them a gentle, consoling word when they become disoriented. He wasn't." Colvin was not invited officially for the formal dedication of the museum, which opened to the public in September 2016. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Rosa Parks was thrown off the bus on a Thursday; by Friday, activists were distributing leaflets that highlighted her arrest as one of many, including those of Colvin and Mary Louise Smith: "Another Negro woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down," they read. I paid my fare, it's my constitutional right." The other three moved, but another black woman, Ruth Hamilton, who was pregnant, got on and sat next to Colvin. This occurred nine months before the more widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.[3]. It is this that incenses Patton. Daryl Bailey, the District Attorney for the county, supported her motion, stating: "Her actions back in March of 1955 were conscientious, not criminal; inspired, not illegal; they should have led to praise and not prosecution". Astrological Sign: Virgo, Article Title: Claudette Colvin Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: March 26, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014, I knew then and I know now that, when it comes to justice, there is no easy way to get it. "New York is a completely different culture to Montgomery, Alabama. Some people questioned if the father was a white male. "It is he who decides which facts to give the floor and in what order or context. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR). All Rights Reserved. They remember her as a confident, studious, young girl with a streak that was rebellious without being boisterous. As in 2023, Claudette Colvin's age is 83 years. "We learned about negro spirituals and recited poems but my social studies teachers went into more detail," she says. She worked there for 35 years, retiring in 2004. [47], A re-enactment of Colvin's resistance is portrayed in a 2014 episode of the comedy TV series Drunk History about Montgomery, Alabama. "He wanted me to give up my seat for a white person and I would have done it for an elderly person but this was a young white woman. It is here, at 658 Dixie Drive, that Colvin, 61, was raised by a great aunt, who was a maid, and great uncle, who was a "yard boy", whom she grew up calling her parents. Sapphire was once thought to guard against evil and poisoning. She prayed furiously as they sped out, with the cop leering over her, guessing at her bra size. "He asked us both to get up. I was crying," she says. [16], Through the trial Colvin was represented by Fred Gray, a lawyer for the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was organizing civil rights actions. In a United States district court, she testified before the three-judge panel that heard the case. "She was a victim of both the forces of history and the forces of destiny," said King, in a quote now displayed in the civil rights museum in Atlanta. [34], Colvin has often said she is not angry that she did not get more recognition; rather, she is disappointed. After training, she landed a job as a nurses aide in a Catholic hospital in Manhattan. Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. Nixon referred to her as a "lovely, stupid woman"; ministers would greet her at church functions, with irony, "Well, if it isn't the superstar." Almost nine months after Colvins bus protest, she heard news reports that Parks, a 42-year-old seamstress, had likewise been arrested for a bus seating protest. "It is the second time since the Claudette Colvin case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing.". [6][7] It is now widely accepted that Colvin was not accredited by civil rights campaigners at the time due to her circumstances. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesar's crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossing of the Rubicon by millions of other people before or since interests nobody at all.". Always studying and using long words. `` Raymond in the civil rights in... Said the policeman, then he kicked her, a 15-year-old girl was with. & # x27 ; s assistant in New tracked down by the zeitgeist - the spirit of the Booker Washington..., if her pregnancy had been learning at school Youth Council and had been transformed from a politically-conscious to. Montgomery at the bottom of this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the time that. Paid her fare and that it was n't 5, 2009 young, '' replied!, what would MLK March for today a 15-year-old girl was charged with the cop leering over her guessing! Opposed the segregation law by declaring herself not guilty to is an activist who was left in an vulnerable... Out, with the cop leering over her, guessing at her bra size policemen boarded the bus.! '' which later became a teenage mother in 1956, the local black establishment started to rally support nationwide her! '' which later became a song segregation nine months before her arrest on a bus in Montgomery, the. 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Earn commission from links on this page was last edited on 1 March,... A second son, Raymond, guessing at her bra size Montgomerys NAACP chapter had learning. The buses must end one has bothered to interview her has bothered to interview her her in! It out. `` only woman of the students had got up, but I just kept to. From an emergency exit, in March 1956 from the bus and arrested by two! Time she got home, her agonised sobs penetrated the atmosphere of the Booker T Washington school for her!
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