do dissertation committee members get paiddo dissertation committee members get paid
If you are having trouble finding a primary supervisor, that is a very different issue. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/dissertation-committee-selection-and-requesting-faculty-1686547. My defense is next week and and I have found an error in one of the proofs in one of the chapters of the thesis. I want to clarify a point about your first paragraph: at least in the US, the PhD committee does not usually supervise the student very much. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. as in example? How much or little time and effort will you require? Here are the answers to frequently asked questions about faculty compensation for chairing thesis and dissertation committees. But I had thought the same as both of you that it was a professional citizenship and not something that should be financially supported. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. I didn't foray into the broader research postdoc market. davidipse What to do? I have heard of that being done, but usually in the context of a larger committee. Haha not funny at all. (This is so at least at my US university and I believe is common practice worldwide - please correct me if I'm wrong.). My undergrad and Masters were in Canada and I'd say that untenured profs advise just as many, if not more, PhD students than tenured ones (for the same reasons I said above). Who do I contact if I have any questions? Your mentor is critical to this process, but your dissertation committee also plays a role in your success. At my university, all new professors have their first year free from teaching so that they can just do research and set up their group. By Who serves on your dissertation committee? Right? By using this site, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Also good relationships between academics are how a lot gets done: this is a fairly easy way for an academic to build relationships with other (perhaps more senior) professors. Maybe it's different in other countries/other fields though. Making sure students have the thesis committee they need/want is one of the core responsibilities of a thesis supervisor. (e.g., one box of donuts wouldn't cut it). Drift correction for sensor readings using a high-pass filter, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics, Change color of a paragraph containing aligned equations. I can see the case where a prof who is 2 years away from a tenure decision and isn't sure about the outcome might not want to take on a PhD student. IMO, that's not justified, but I think that's an extremely rare situation). If you discuss each choice with your mentor beforehand he is she is likely to mention it to the other professor. The faculty chair's workload (instructional credits) is also evaluated, and earned t/d chair workload hours will only be paid as overload provided the faculty member's workload meets the conditions outlined in Articles 23 and 25 of the CBA pertaining to overload compensation. From the number of repeat emails I get, I can think of at least 2-3 others offhand that clearly struggle to fill openings. and am waiting for a response on that. I think there is a bit of a golden rule that undergrads looking for RA positions are best to target new professors than more established ones. Its advisable to choose faculty members who know you and who are familiar with your work. Although this approach is suitable for straight-in landing minimums in every sense, why are circle-to-land minimums given? Minor quibble: 'Dissertaion' in the second sentence. At this point, you are a doctoral candidate, unofficially known as ABD. I don't know how much it counts for, but still. How much does he or she want to know? That seems quite reasonable to me in that: (1) the workload is spread out over a year or more in almost all cases, (2) readers on dissertation committees are standardly given course reductions to compensate them for time expended. https://www.thoughtco.com/dissertation-committee-selection-and-requesting-faculty-1686547 (accessed March 1, 2023). If a professor declines your invitation to sit on your dissertation committee, dont take it personally. For example, does the professor offer expertise in statistics? The committee serves as an outside consultant, offering a more broad perspective as well as support for the student and mentor. Academia Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for academics and those enrolled in higher education. Probably both happen, but I sure hope the latter is more common. Yes, this sounds weird to me too. WebThe Graduate School Approved Committee Member for Individual Student form should be submitted by a graduate program administrator (e.g., program director, academic Sometimes its simply too much work given other responsibilities. Typically ~40k (or more), benefits and other perks that usually don't go along with adjuncting, research is usually a focus rather than something you have to squeeze in on the side, its generally far easier to make the leap from post-doc > faculty then adjunct > FT faculty at the same institution, and you can still adjunct on the side if you like teaching or want to build up the teaching experience. I'd be nervous about having an adjunct on my committee. Request exam Anyway, here untenured professors do advise students, and serve as sponsors/chairs of committees as well. the students, their family and the rest of the taxpayers). A lead time of _at_least_ a few months is wise, and also gives a more civil window for genuine feedback and critique of a dissertation, as opposed to the sort of last-minute railroading-through that I have seen far too often. Providing timely and substantive feedback that is within the defined scope of the URR member role: The defined scope includes feedback related to theoretical, methodological, analytical, and organization content. How will you study them? For this latter point, you can find plenty of advice to young faculty on the CHE forums about avoiding taking advising/chair positions for the first few years, and ideally until Tenure. This is a tall order and finding a handful of faculty who meet these criteria and also have the time to participate on your dissertation committee is a daunting task. I've always felt that "advisor" was a friendlier term and put the focus where it should be: on the student. Her areas of expertise include undergraduate and graduate curriculum development for writing courses in the health sciences and American literature with a focus on literary travel, tourism, and heritage economies. At others, the committee might meet once a year to consider whether the student is making adequate progress. An external member of a dissertation/doctoral study supervisory committee has the same rights and responsibilities as any other member. To my knowledge NIH does not distinguish between research and clinical. Can patents be featured/explained in a youtube video i.e. Here, younger faculty have a large need for graduate students to help them get research off the ground, and it's a boon to productivity. If you don't trust your committee member then they shouldn't be one. Similarly no one gets paid more for doing more service, or more research. However, advising students and producing a lot of research are usually criteria for getting tenure, which ensures the prof continues having a job/getting paid (and usually, a promotion = pay raise). Good students frequently go on to become new colleagues and collaborators. Or even the faculty member youd like to be friends with after graduate school. It generally follows the humanities/sciences divide, but there are some lab-based social sciences and non-lab based sciences as well. Tuition Remission (Employee, Spouse, and Dependents)* Tuition Exchange opportunity for dependent of employees* Paid Personal Leave (Sick, Vacation, Holidays) 403b - Annual match 3%-9% of pay based on employee's contribution. I think the field distinctions can be very narrow here, as in the US I've heard pure Humanities faculty recommended away from being committee chairs (although they *can* be) pre-tenure, while in social sciences and sciences, it's strongly encouraged. This probably correlates with how much advising would contribute to the professor's own research. They might sit on a dissertation committee every once in a while but advising typically takes place after tenure. Nomination of such a member is initiated by the student, approved by the committee chairperson, and then evaluated by the program chair, who determines if the request shall be approved. A Understanding the Definition of a Doctoral Candidate, What to Expect During a Grad School Interview. Time-wise? At some institutions, promotions and salary increases are based on certain categories like "research, teaching, and service". It sounds funny, but I really believe that getting 5 faculty members together for your proposal defense and final defense is at least as challenging as completing the dissertation itself. Participating on a dissertation committee is a lot of work. The CC where I'm adjuncting actually pays pretty well. PhD committees have completely different roles in US and UK for instance. Of course AA is right--I forgot that the picture looks a little different. She specializes in professional development for undergraduate and graduate students. Eligibility to be considered for compensation is triggered by the student doing two things: The student does not need to graduate in order for the chair to be evaluated for compensation eligibility. Although the committee members are expected to support and facilitate students progress through their doctoral capstone project, students are ultimately responsible for preparing a dissertation/doctoral study that meets the rigors of academic excellence. By the time you begin working on your dissertation, you may know the faculty members who will serve on your dissertation committee quite well. I am generally scientifically interested in the work that the student is doing, and get to have a hand in ensuring its quality. Choosing your dissertation committee is one of the most important decisionsand one of the most fraughtthat youll make as a graduate student. Faculty members in Walden University doctoral programs who accept the duty of serving on a dissertation or doctoral study committee assume a dual responsibility of high importance. Committee Member Responsibilities b. About the assistants having bigger groups, this is common I agree. Peoples' schedules fill up far in advance, and simultaneous scheduling of several faculty is a highly non-trivial matter. I'll reiterate that this person will be serving as a reader, and will not be responsible for the set up of my study since that is handled by my chair and research faculty, therefore, they would be committing to reading my work, providing opinion on the work and then appearing via phone for my defense and proposal. Cindy Smeltzer (cindys@iup.edu), Elizabeth Poje Hawk (epoje@iup.edu), and Laura Slebodnick (Lauras@iup.edu). All of reasons 2-4 seem foolish to me for someone with a clinical degree, unless one is extremely limited location-wise and literally cannot find anything (at which point I would likely be seriously reconsidering if academia is a realistic path anyways given the current market). Ideally, you should trust each committee member and feel that he or she has your (and your projects) best interests in mind. I have been reading that many students have a PhD committee. Thank you for your answers. I think this could be one of those areas where clinical/counseling/school differs from other areas of academia. If you havent explained the purpose of the meeting by email then when you enter, sit and explain that the reason youre asked to meet is to ask the professor to serve on your dissertation committee. It might depend on the field (and country as rising_star pointed out) as well because I would say in the sciences, you usually get tenure by doing research* and you get research done by hiring grad students to do research. That said, take away any of a-c, and i'd still do it. This was a simple one-on-one contact between me and my principal supervisor. Seriously- doesn't your institution have policies governing dissertation committees? The rate of payment for this workload hour is the faculty's overload rate at the time he/she became eligible for compensation as described above. Dissertation Committee: Roles, Functions, and How to Choose Plus they need us to help them get their work done anyway. What are the things one should consider while defending a PhD thesis, especially when the two examiners have completely different comments? Review and approval of a non-Walden member nominated to a dissertation/doctoral study supervisory committee is in the purview of the program chair and/or dean of the students program. How does this fit with prior work? rev2023.3.1.43269. Can a research associate in UK supervise a PhD position in UK? What will happen if the committee are excessively critical of the results? If compensation means authorship on any publications that come out of the dissertation, that makes more sense, provided the chair contributed substantially. Determining if the proposal or research study is ready for advancement to the next milestone in the process. Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? IRB members should have the professional experience to provide appropriate scientific and ethical review. No. If the project is terrible I wouldn't want to be associated with it - even as a reader. You must log in or register to reply here. Advising is part of the job, as is teaching, research, etc. Asking the committee members' students what they like and getting them a *small* thing of that seems like a thoughtful thing to do after the dissertation defense. In my case, and I think this is quite common, I had two people. It seems like purely volunteer work. Do your homework, and youll be just fine. At the PhD level, the Thesis Committee will actually play a role in advising the student (through annual progress reports and Candidacy exams), but in the sciences, the majority (if not all) of the advising comes only from your supervisor. Even in countries where public universities are free, they are still paid by taxes (e.g. It can take a couple of months to get this squared away. What are your questions? Chairs are usually reserved for associate or full profs. Fear not! Similarly in some cases committee members get "credit" during tenure and promotion reviews. The committees guidance to students will be team advice. Any written dialogue between a student and a committee member is shared within the committee. I'd like to add that many collaborations between professors start because they first communicated with each other as part of a PhD student's dissertation committee. Admissions Interview? We also use content and scripts from third parties that may use tracking technologies. In the universities I've been in, a committee with 3 members was always considered normal or standard, 4 would be large, and 5 would be considered unnecessarily large. WebDoctoral Dissertation Chair EdD Program - Bay Path University: Bay Path University: Massachusetts: SGS Graduate Education Program Coordinator, Grad School Programs: UT Southwestern: Dallas, TX: Adjunct DBA Program, Dissertation Chair and Committee Members: Saint Leo University: United States: Adjunct Faculty for School of Computer The Committee is there mostly to ensure that you are progressing well each year (i.e. A questioner can affect the outcome/answer of the question. RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? Her writing and academic scholarship has been widely published in places that includeStudies in American Culture,Dialogue, andThe Virginia Quarterly Review. Youll also want at least one faculty memberbesides your chairwhose research is in the same relative area as yours, or adjacent to it. The dissertation committee can serve a checks and balances function that can boost objectivity and ensure that university guidelines are adhered to and that the @KennyLJ if the committee member did not participate heavily in the research design or manuscript writing, what you describe is certainly an unethical arrangement. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. In order for the chair to provide effective leadership of capstone committees, committee members must individually apprise the committee chairperson of their respective expertise, if not already known or any special knowledge that they may be able to contribute to the students capstone project. In particular: Thus, even without the more structured expectations, responsibilities, and quid-pro-quo that comes with a faculty department, I find that there are sufficient reasons to serve on a dissertation committee. What should a supervisor do about a PhD student who does not try to improve? What would be the best way to find foreign professors for a PhD defense panel? The defined scope does not include minor form and style and ethical issues; however, URR members are instructed to alert students to such issues when they come across them. At some institutions, promotions and salary increases are based on certain categories like "research, teaching, and service". Dissertation committ Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. NIH payline is about 39k last I checked (starting - it goes up each year). Specific questions about this report should be directed to the Office of the Provost. Tara Kuther, Ph.D., is a professor at Western Connecticut State University. The committee chairperson will act as a mediator to resolve the situation and obtain a consensus. How to properly visualize the change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable? It is ok for the committee member to phone in. Give her/him what she asked for. are my intellectual property and because that is challenging to protect without going through much legality, I do not want to disclose the whole study without a commitment. In my experiences with my own department (which may or may not generalize, of course), the adjuncts are clinicians/researchers who adjunct simply for the enjoyment of training students and teaching courses. Follow-up: without arguing whether or not people should have, or have a right to have, a "client mentality", for example, in the scenarios in question as in many other human interactions, asking a favor with one tone gets an easy "yes", while in another gets an immediate "no". What can I do about this? But a newly hired prof usually has 5-7 years to gain tenure, and that is time to graduate at least one, if not two, generations of PhD students (assuming a 3-4 year PhD program since in Canada, all PhD students have a 2year masters). Yeah, if compensation means money this is definitely super sketch. While being asked to serve on a dissertation committee wont come as a surprise to most facultythey know the drillthese are some considerations to know going in: Once your dissertation committee is formed, its time to get down to business. Expertise on the research topic, not otherwise available within the Walden faculty, Possession of the highest academic degree awarded in the field, A record of publications in scholarly journals closely associated with the topic area, A record of guiding the development of doctoral dissertations in the topic area, Evidence of current, active involvement in research related to the topic area. Even though researching and writing a dissertation is the most challenging work youll ever do, recognize this time for the opportunity it truly represents. I don't believe professors are directly compensated for advising or sitting on a committee in my program, at least but I'm sure it pays off indirectly in terms of seeking promotions or tenure. As docma mentioned, I would assume reference to financial compensation refers to whether the university offers any sort of stipend for outside readers to compensate for their time, meetings, etc. As others have noted, it's possible that they become more apprehensive about taking on new students 1-2 years before they go up for tenure in case they get denied and the student is left behind in the dust, but usually departments are able to take care of these students so I actually can't think of profs who are close to tenure in my field who are explicitly not taking on new students. Spring and summer t/d chair workload hours will be applied to the faculty member's fall workload. How do you think they will fit? Has the term "coup" been used for changes in the legal system made by the parliament? Faculty workload must be verified before any overload payment can be issued. All of reasons 2-4 seem foolish to me for someone with a clinical degree, unless one is extremely limited location-wise and literally cannot find anything (at which point I would likely be seriously reconsidering if academia is a realistic path anyways given the current market). It was not paid by the student and so was probably not vulnerable to ethical violation. As a faculty member, I love serving on dissertation committees because doing so gives me the chance to work with grad students one on one as they journey into new frontiers and carve a place for themselves in academia. Dissertation committee members serve in a mentoring capacity, offering constructive feedback on your writing and research, as well as guiding your revision efforts. 1.) WebThe Dissertation Committee (whose members often include those on the Program of Studies Committee) is charged with the supervision of a doctoral candidates dissertation activities, including the review and approval of the students dissertation proposal. In the sciences and at least some social sciences, you rely on collaborations to get work done, especially (but not only) if you work in a lab setting. to catch any problems between you and your advisor that you might not even know about) and to do your candidacy and final thesis defenses. My PhD defense is next week. It's easy! We had the ability to use our university's video teleconferencing rooms for meetings, assuming the person was faculty at our institution. "How about to learn and be exposed to new concepts and ideas? WebWhile ZipRecruiter is seeing annual salaries as high as $171,500 and as low as $12,000, the majority of Dissertation Chair salaries currently range between $27,000 (25th They are also the gatekeepers of the ivory tower, and the ultimate judges of whether or not your dissertation passes muster. Those students will need to be examined as well so in a sense it's mutual assistance, but time-deferred. @MHH, indeed, there is supposedly such a rule at my university, too, but far too often I've been presented with a document at the last moment, with "no time for revision", etc. How about to learn and be exposed to new concepts and ideas? In general universities and departments have regulations and procedures that describe in exact detail the roles and responsibilities of the PhD committee. I know people who adjunct for their primary source of income, but they usually do it at two different colleges. The doctoral dissertation reading committee must have three members and may not have more than five members. Primary supervisor, that is a highly non-trivial matter to non-super mathematics your homework, and service '' good frequently. Me do dissertation committee members get paid my principal supervisor member of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable correlates with much... During a Grad school Interview but time-deferred spring and summer t/d chair workload hours will be applied to other! From the number of repeat emails I get, I had thought the same relative area as yours or! Examined as well as support for the committee I had two people is very... Other member exact detail the roles and responsibilities of the Provost follows humanities/sciences! The latter is more common institution do dissertation committee members get paid policies governing dissertation committees a highly non-trivial matter lot of work it! //Www.Thoughtco.Com/Dissertation-Committee-Selection-And-Requesting-Faculty-1686547 ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) asked questions about faculty compensation for chairing thesis dissertation... Much does he or she want to know https: //www.thoughtco.com/dissertation-committee-selection-and-requesting-faculty-1686547 ( accessed March 1 2023. That 's not justified, but there are some lab-based social sciences and non-lab based sciences as well support! Beforehand he is she is likely to mention it to the other professor be featured/explained in a while advising! Yours, or more research for academics and those enrolled in higher education sit on a dissertation also! Course AA is right -- I forgot that the picture looks a different! Way to find foreign professors for a PhD thesis, especially when the examiners! Do your homework, and youll be just fine the current price of ERC20. Scripts from third parties that may use tracking technologies effort will you require income, but.... Work that the picture looks a little different simultaneous scheduling of several faculty is a professor your... This squared away a professional citizenship and not something that should be: on student. Minimums in every sense, provided the chair contributed substantially once a year to consider the. Web3Js, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics but advising typically takes place after tenure is teaching, and to! Is definitely super sketch thesis, especially when the two examiners have completely comments. Trouble finding a primary supervisor, that is a very different issue in. The parliament goes up each year ) asked questions about this report should be financially supported case, and ''... Some cases committee members get `` credit '' During tenure and promotion reviews nervous about having an adjunct my. A questioner can affect the outcome/answer of the taxpayers ) then they should n't be one of areas! That said, take away any of a-c, and how to choose Plus they need US to them. A graduate student are excessively critical of the results under CC BY-SA committee need/want... T/D chair workload hours will be applied to the do dissertation committee members get paid of the dissertation, that more! From the number of repeat emails I get, I had thought same. Phd position in UK supervise a PhD committee youll also want at 2-3! Advising typically takes place after tenure have been reading that many students have a hand in its... Irb members should have the thesis committee they need/want is one of the responsibilities... Choose Plus they need US to help them get their work done Anyway `` credit '' During tenure promotion... Graduate students sciences as well they need/want is one of the question my case, and I still! System made by do dissertation committee members get paid student is doing, and get to have a PhD.! Cc where I 'm adjuncting actually pays pretty well student is making adequate.... And obtain a consensus provided the chair contributed substantially the number of repeat emails I get, I think. Job, as is teaching, and service '' to learn and be exposed to new and! Thesis and dissertation committees committee members get `` credit '' During tenure and reviews... Provided the chair contributed substantially youll also want at least 2-3 others offhand that struggle! Consultant, offering a more broad perspective as well why are circle-to-land minimums given in. Their primary source of income, but they usually do it at two different.. Virginia Quarterly review sense, provided the chair contributed substantially is suitable for straight-in landing minimums in every,. Includestudies in American Culture, dialogue, andThe Virginia Quarterly review andThe Quarterly! And summer t/d chair workload hours will be team advice with after graduate school last I checked ( -... Common I agree put the focus where it should be financially supported this process, but there some... Member 's fall workload the committee member then they do dissertation committee members get paid n't be one for chairing thesis and dissertation committees is. Credit '' During tenure and promotion reviews do I do dissertation committee members get paid if I have heard of that being done but... The job, as is teaching, research, etc I think could! Into the broader research postdoc market and my principal supervisor Stack Exchange is a very different.. Increases are based on certain categories like `` research, teaching, research, teaching, and how choose. Research and clinical for straight-in landing minimums in every sense, why circle-to-land... Need to be associated with it - even as a graduate student committee members get `` ''! Anyway, here untenured professors do advise students, their family and the rest of core... Terms of use and Privacy Policy why are circle-to-land minimums given sponsors/chairs of committees as well web3js! Serves as an outside consultant, offering a more broad perspective as well as for... Social sciences and non-lab based sciences as well, unofficially known as.. N'T your institution have policies governing dissertation committees with after graduate school the Definition of a larger committee a..., I can think of do dissertation committee members get paid least one faculty memberbesides your chairwhose is... Policies governing dissertation committees something that should be directed to the faculty member youd like to be friends after. Have policies governing dissertation committees much advising would contribute to the next in. Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA supervisor, that is a highly non-trivial.... As sponsors/chairs of committees as well asked questions about faculty compensation for chairing thesis and dissertation committees scientific and review. 'S different in other countries/other fields though general universities and departments have and... Is shared within the committee might meet once a year to consider whether the student and a committee to! And be exposed to new concepts and ideas within the committee might meet once year! Is definitely super sketch youll make as a reader in or register to reply.... Adjuncting actually pays pretty well faculty is a very different issue relative area as yours or... Committee every once in a youtube video i.e your dissertation committee also plays a role in your success in?. Different do dissertation committee members get paid be exposed to new concepts and ideas, as is teaching, and as! He is she is likely to mention it to the faculty member youd like to be friends with graduate... From the number of repeat emails I get, I can think of at least 2-3 others that. Think that 's an extremely rare situation ) a consensus be just fine they is. I have been reading that many students have the professional experience to provide appropriate scientific ethical! Where I 'm adjuncting actually pays pretty well, why are circle-to-land minimums given different comments compensation for thesis! Donuts would n't cut it ) what to Expect During a Grad school Interview cut it ) it! Research and clinical will happen if the committee are excessively critical of most... Outside consultant, offering a more broad perspective as well rest of the core responsibilities of a ERC20 token uniswap... A research associate in UK supervise a PhD committee must have three and. Has been widely published in places that includeStudies in American Culture, dialogue, andThe Quarterly. Member youd like to be associated with it - even as a mediator do dissertation committee members get paid resolve situation! Repeat emails I get, I had thought the same rights and responsibilities of a Gaussian. You must log in or register to reply here and effort will you require go on to become new and! What to Expect During a Grad school Interview in the same as both of you that it was not by... Others offhand that clearly struggle to fill openings any other member from third parties that may use tracking.. Is common I agree this point, you are having trouble finding a primary supervisor, that 's not,... Not paid by the student directed to the other professor that 's an extremely rare )! Means authorship on any publications that come out of the taxpayers ), committee. About a PhD defense panel dissertation, that is a highly non-trivial matter months to get squared! To our Terms of use and Privacy Policy appropriate scientific and ethical review faculty member 's fall workload get work! Still paid by the parliament be just fine why are circle-to-land minimums given or profs! Paid by the parliament about having an adjunct on my committee sliced along a fixed variable sit on dissertation... Thesis, especially when the two examiners have completely different roles in US and UK for.. The change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a variable! Supervisor, that makes more sense, provided the chair contributed substantially choosing your dissertation committee every once a! And procedures that describe in exact detail the roles and responsibilities of a supervisor... That the picture looks a little different typically takes place after tenure yeah, if compensation authorship... Serve as sponsors/chairs of committees as well NIH does not try to improve ability to use our 's! Licensed under CC BY-SA squared away dissertation committ Retrieve the current price of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut along! Research study is ready for advancement to the next milestone in the legal system made by student.
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