"The Mississippi River is not working the way it should. 100 to look into how the government can revive the salt production industry to create jobs and spur economic development. At the start of the season, they fix our pricing, and they never raise them again. Earlier, Castelo said DTI approved the price increase for salt in the Suggested Retail Price (SRP) Bulletin published on August 12 because some manufacturers have not enjoyed a price increase in the past four to six years. How to Find the Best Ice Melt Distributor. National cabinet encourages wearing masks to combat COVID-19. Consider your attention to making sure you have a reliable salt supplier as one of the benefits a customer gets by using your services. There are a few ways you can do this, and well start with mixing salt with sand. There are many causes of business damage a bad winter can cause. The continued container congestion is worsening, prices are skyrocketing, and there is no end in sight. You are here Home Salt shortage. Numerous signs indicate everything could become harder to get before the start of Winter 2021-22, and this supply problem is not getting better. "It's not that we're not manufacturing, we're manufacturing at 100-per-cent capacity, it's just that the demand is massive," he said. Product Feature Spotlight: Colored Ice Melt. Can Nuclear-Powered Bitcoin Mines Clean Up Crypto? It has prompted pool stores to limit the amount of salt bags customers can purchase. High prices and low availability of aluminum may cause canned food and beverage shortages this year, much like the end of 2021. NOTEBOOK: Are We Facing A Deicing Meltdown? The recent Iranian drone attack on an Israeli oil tanker in international waters in the Gulf of Oman that killed the British Captain and Romanian first mate has amped up Israel significantly. Olsson produces 60,000 to 70,000 tonnes of salt a year, for pool salt, food stock and table salt. GST Mopup Rises 12% to 1.5 Lakh Crore in Feb, Decathlon in Talks with Indian Govt to Sell Other Brands, Moodys Raises India GDP Forecast to 5.5%, Salt shortage ahead? At TradingBeasts, we do our best to provide accurate price predictions for a wide range of digital coins like SALT. "If cities don't order anything until the last moment well, if everything is working, then, tickety-boo. We do not give investment advice. Thisand not the alleged shortage in salt is why local manufacturers of salt increased their prices, Castelo noted. There is a very high probability of an Israel-Iran shooting war. Next, make sure your equipment is only using as much salt as is really needed to be effective. THE Philippine Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) slipped from Januarys seven-month high of 53.5 to 52.7 in February, with port congestion, among others, weighing on vendor performance which is resulting in further deterioration, according to Standard & Poors (S&P) Global Market Intelligence. OPEN 24/7 BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER EVERY STORM. Below, you will find ways to ensure that your winter will be abundant regarding safety. Many factors can contribute to a salt shortage. Just a little moisture will cause it to clump up and melt down. "The thing we have to remember is we have chosen to live in a hostile environment during the winter months," he says. Ninja De-Icer is a bulk salt and liquid de-icer supplier with 12+ years of experience serving the country. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. A Brisbane pool store owner said customers are willing to drive 40km to buy salt to treat their pool. Several newsworthy developments this past week reinforce my opinion that our supply problems are only getting worse. Dont just wait until the bad winter weather wreaks havoc on your businesstake action now! All information on this website represent subjective views of the authors and they are solely informational. This is massive demand weve never seen before.. This could spell a disaster and create a severe salt shortage in the Midwest in the 2022-2023 winter season. Mark Ludlow Queensland bureau chief Mar 18, 2022 - 5.21pm Share Irate pool owners across Australia have been suffering through Australia's worst salt shortage, as this month's heavy rain and. For example, bulk salt is great for miles and miles of road surfaces in mild temperatures, but in most cases, its only effective down to 15 degrees. Can We Wait for a Salt Shortage This Year? The best that can try if you lack sufficient salt on hand is this imperfect remedy. Encourage your customers to consider possible trip hazards in the entranceways, parking lots, or pavements and make sure you have adequate resources to address the high-traffic sections of their properties. In recent years, less salt has been produced, thus less salt is available on the market. "So we've had to limit it to two bags to customers, just like the toilet paper was like back in COVID-19 [panic buying]. And if you need to treat sidewalks in extreme temperatures where you need to make sure people dont slip and fall, you could use Safe n Sure ice melt blend which has a unique combination of sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium chlorides plus CMA. Just like everything these days, costs are expected to rise for rock salt especially if there is a lack of salt. 1 As salt is found in a large variety of foods the risk of deficiency . You may have heard that Morton Salt was recently purchased (along with related entities) by Stone Canyon Industries Holdings LLC, Kissner Group Holdings. It's been so wet and cold that, in an effort to maintain life as usual and keep people safe on the roads, cities from Cleveland to New York are using up the nation's supplies of rock salt. Its crucial to be ready in case of a rock salt shortage. Depending on the climate, the temperature, and the kind of outdoor surface youre treating, you can even use excellent alternatives. Salt is too expensive to import from overseas. If you are located in Washington DC, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, or West Virginia, you can pick up rock salt 24/7. on a PC press on your keyboard Ctrl + D or click the star icon next to the browser bar at the top. Contact us if you have any questions or if you would like to explore buying rock salt from Snow & Ice Salt and Chemicals Unlimited. Benjamin Franklin said it best: By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail. Working out a plan before winter knocks on the door is essential. The BusinessMirror reported last week that Senate Majority Leader Joel Villanueva filed Senate Resolution No. Why can't they get more? Government agencies buy it in bulk and store it in sheds and yurts near their snowplows. Likely, this is not a big deal for most municipalities since they can store a lot of salt. Salt prices might double or possibly increase as a result of these changes. Earth Development, throughout that shortage, provided businesses of all varieties with reliable and regular snow removal and deicing services. It's not going to do you any good in three days when the weather is thawing out.". If you are located in the Mid-Atlantic areas of Washington DC, Baltimore, Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania or West Virginia, give us a call. However, if there is a lack of rock salt it will make clearing snow more challenging and probably more expensive if other products are used as a replacement. Giant Wind Turbines Keep Mysteriously Falling Over, Here's How Modern Airliners Have Internet Access, Rising Tides Threaten U.S. Military Installations. Lock in your plans now if you dont already have one for the upcoming winter weather. The pandemic has also played a role in anticipation of an even more critical year for rock salt this winter. Four Ways to Survive a Salt Shortage This Winter. January 27, 2022 There's been a lot of talk in our industry about a rock salt shortage again this year in the winter of 2021-2022. It's placing some very heavy-handed demands on the private market. It is always better to expect the unexpected rather than suffer the consequences of poor planning. It's no surprise based on the wallops of snow the East Coast and even the Midwest have received in late January and now into February. Not just proxies, but straight out at each other. That requirement will leave some markets where less snowfalls with a costly surplus of road salt, while other markets that get more snow than expected will struggle to find snow and ice management products. If you dont have enough salt to pre-salt outdoor surfaces, then dont. The acquisition has already caused issues in the industry by terminating 120 people from Mortons headquarters of jobs that were undoubtedly necessary so they are now operating with much less manpower. Buying a lot of salt and salt-related items will result in peace of mind and a safe and profitable winter for your snow contracting business. Product Feature Spotlight: Colored Ice Melt. There are many ways to prepare for a salt shortage, it all boils down to planning. Not only that but using less road salt is better for the environment and road surfaces. Once you know you have a good supply of bulk salt, be sure to store it properly so you dont lose product. Professional snow and ice management is not a one-size-fits-all business. In salt production, loss of one mid-summer month is comparable with other industries losing four critical months, says Bharat Raval, president of Indian Salt Manufacturers Association. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Poolwerx chief executive John OBrien who runs 130 stores across Australia and New Zealand said the salt shortage was way worse than after the 2011 Queensland floods. Copyright 2000-2022 Earth Development Commercial Snow Removal & Landscaping Company. Based on the SRP bulletin, the price of a 500-gram pack of iodized salt currently ranges from P16.00 to P21.25. Pillars of salt are crushed underground and the pebbly remains are sorted by size. Salt lowers the freezing point of water, enabling freshly plowed roads to stay wet rather than frozen (up to a point). As a result, roads and parking lots might accumulate more material and become harder to keep safe. GCash CEO Martha Sazon leads keynote on changing user experiences and technologies, No shortage in salt yet, but govt must help dying sector. "We have a problem that every time there's a really bad winter, there's not enough salt at the right location," says Morton Satin, vice president of the Salt Institute trade group. But it it's not, it can be a problem.". Sure, theyre not ideal, but theyre handy if youre stuck with nothing else. Finallywhy not use alternatives? You may rely on a salt supplierfor a dependable service in any conditions, even when salt supplies are low. Because there are so many benefits to using rock salt, this is the most popular option to combat snow and ice. Your reputation (and bottom line) depend upon it. Castelo said that the salt industry needs to be developed and it should coordinate with the appropriate agencies as the industry also has its fair share of concerns, especially related to local production. There are about 1.2 million pools in Australia and about 850,000 of them are in NSW and Queensland. To avoid being in a crisis this winter, buy your salt early in the season. There are many options for ice melt products and choosing different products for different situations will save you money, aggravation and time. As demand for salt has increased, supply had been impacted by a strike at a Goderich, Ontario. Find or build yourself a shelter for bulk salt and use tarps to securely cover it as well. Browse for your location and find more local ABC News and information, Search any location in Australia to find nearby active incidents, Stay up-to-date with local coverage on ABC Radio, the emergency broadcaster. To help you prep for the winter chill, our team atNinja De-Iceris answering all your burning salt and deicer questions so you understand how they work, why they are so essential and can make a more informed purchase. Well, not exactly. Labour shortage, absence of transportation and inter-district travel restrictions have prompted producers to stall work at many salt works. All 240 bags were gone within an hour. November 12, 2016, Saturday. Buying early comes with many advantages, such as the choices being greater, prices . A SALT shortage is possible if the needs of the salt industry wont be addressed by the government, according to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). This may not be a business-changing issue for most municipalities because they can normally store a lot of salt in a covered, dry building. While we know the end result, how it breaks down the ice is an interesting process. Just contact us for a quote. You can achieve this in a few different ways, but one option is to start combining salt and sand if your municipality and customers allow it. Check out the story behind the 2022 turkey shortage, and learn what you can do to make your feast fabulous (with or without a Thanksgiving turkey). NOTEBOOK: Schill Expands in Southwest Ohio, October Cover Story: Achieving Wet Pavement, May 2022 Cover Story: Bullish on Snow & Ice, NOTEBOOK: New Attachment Company Launches, Address New And Damaging Employee Attitudes. However, many winters snow contractors experience a rock salt shortage, making snow removal difficult. In the past two weeks, disillusioned pool owners in Queensland and NSW have been frantically visiting pool shops, only to find shelves cleaned out. Read winter forecast for Minnesota and start your preparation with our snow removal experts! Follow the action from the third Test between India and Australia in Delhi in our live blog. "We have another supplier that trucked salt in from Western Australia but obviously now we've got another rain event. Ive been in the salt industry 30 years and Ive never seen it as bad as this. Other big players include Cheethams Salt. With the unprecedented rain bomb dropping 650 mm of rain in three days in some regions earlier this month, diluting pool chemicals and making it potentially unsafe to swim, salt companies cannot keep up with demand. Winter will arrive soon enough where we are located in the Mid-Atlantic/Washington DC area. In February 2024, the SALT price is forecasted to be on average $0.1317477. New York governor Andrew Cuomo said this week that the state was facing a salt shortage, and news outlets around the country are reporting the same woes in small towns and populous cities. But there is not a major nationwide rock salt shortage, according to salt producers and their trade association. Help using this website - Accessibility statement. All rights reserved. For example, they are requiring 40 percent of your winter salt contract must be taken by December 31 irrespective of weather and demand. However, Castelo said, But there is potential shortage kung hindi sila maaasistehan ng government [if they wont get help from the government].. This is basic supply and demand: buy early and invest in your peace of mind. However, private contractors cannot stockpile in massive quantities, and they are going to get hit hard by this new policy. 1. 8. on Android tap the 3-dots icon at the top right. THE Philippiness budget deficit last year fell by 3.35 percent to P1.614 trillion from P1.67 trillion as total revenues of the national government outpaced its expenditures, the Bureau of the Treasury (BTr) said. Unless you have been living under a rock (or in California), you probably know firsthand that this winter has been colder and snowier than recent seasons. To ensure a safe and affable winter, purchasing large quantities of salt and salt products will lead to a sense of serenity. "The biggest concentration of swimming pools would be between Bundaberg and Newcastle so many pools have been flushed out. No one can, however, predict prices of cryptocurrencies with total certainty, thus it is crucial to understand that the following SALT price predictions serve merely as a suggestion of possible price development and are not intended to be used as investment advice. What is liquid deicing and how does it differ from salt or sand? AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), abc.net.au/news/pool-owners-face-by-salt-shortage-after-deluge-turns-pools-green/100953258, Get breaking news alerts directly to your phone with our app, Help keep family & friends informed by sharing this article, China has taken a 'dramatic' lead in critical technologies used for military power, report says, Former minister takes 'absolute responsibility' for Robodebt, admits defending scheme despite knowing it could be unlawful, Aussies strike in India's second innings after making 197, MP Monique Ryan and chief of staff Sally Rugg fail to settle dispute after four-week mediation, 'Sickening, callous and brazen': Sydney man dies in hail of bullets in front of 12yo son, Evelyn worked three jobs when she was in her 20s to build up her super. A rock salt shortage isnt due to pandemic panic like they were in 2020, but rather due to an international shipping issue and labor shortages. If you do, be sure to regularly evaluate it. Desperate pool owners are frantically trying to buy salt to treat their green, washed-out pools as Australia is gripped by a salt shortage after the record rain and COVID-19-induced supply chain issues. This entails adopting measures to reduce the quantity of salt being used while still making use of salts deicing properties. "It's demand-driven and we're hoping to get on top of it in about a month," he said. It is not a matter of supply. He added that this is quite shameful for an archipelagic country with more than 36,000 kilometers of shoreline. But. Rather, there's a big nationwide salt bottleneck. Salt farmers are predicting a shortfall as lockdown has truncated the production cycle. There will likely be a canned food shortage in 2022. But when you need it, you need it now. The Miami Herald says there technically isn't a shortage in pork and bacon yet, but there are all kinds of things causing all kinds of issues. 2023 Ninja De-Icer. There are many ways to prepare for a salt shortage, it all boils down to planning. We lost half of March and all of April Thats over 40 days at peak of the season. Swimming Pool and Spa Association chief executive Lindsay McGrath said an explosion in demand for pools during the COVID-19 pandemic as Australians were trapped at home and couldnt travel overseas has put even more pressure on demand for salt and other pool chemicals. When will it snow in Minnesota this year? However, for companies that didnt hire us, the salt shortage meant that many parking lots became unusable. Government agencies are using up their own stockpiles while waiting for new deliveries, which have been hampered both by demand and by the weather itself. The Department of Agriculture has warned that a salt shortage looms as domestic production has deteriorated, requiring importation. I see a lot of potential trouble for our industry on the horizon and if there is a Middle East shooting war between Israel and Iran, then oil will go beyond out-of-sight in price and we could see allocations.Certainly, good times on the horizon (tongue in cheek).Snow Magazine contributing editor Robert S. English is President of Chemical Solutions, Inc., Franklin, MA. Give yourself a break this winter, start a plan now. For example, they are requiring 40 percent of your winter salt contract must be taken by December 31 irrespective of weather and demand. re. It shouldnt come as a big surprise based on the general shortage of many things these days all the way from construction materials to foam for furniture manufacturing and even basic life necessities that are normally easy to find on shelves are more difficult to get. Ms Holmes hopes supply willincrease over the coming months as people are able to treat their pool and demand drops in the cooler months. If youre trying to use a less corrosive product, you might use Calcium Magnesium Acetate. Other big players include Cheethams Salt. Adjust your settings for the specific weather and conditions you are treating. The operator of the website or the authors of the articles do not bear any responsibility for any decisions that visitors may make after reading articles published on the TradingBeasts website. According to Business Insider, nearly half of Americans in a survey reported seeing a shortage of meat and eggs in the beginning of 2022. Start salt hunting, and dont hesitate to get a quote for more information from our team at Ninja De-Icer. Some suppliers in Midwestern states will continue to adjust their prices throughout the winter season to account for how to handle a salt shortage. Easily the best way to survive a salt shortage is to rely on the professional services of a snow removal company like Earth Development. "Lowly salt, however lowly it is, that's really what permits us to do in winter what we do in summer. A truckload of pool salt turned up at a Bunnings store in Brisbane on Thursday. What does that mean for contractors if this new mandate isnt revised? The SALT price is forecasted to reach $0.1218607 by the beginning of March 2023. Snow & Ice Salt & Chemicals Unlimited, LLC. Its absolutely nutso, Olsson national sales manager David Dwyer told AFR Weekend. Salt shortages are hardly uncommon. The Department of Agriculture (DA) also said earlier that at least 93 percent, or 550,000 metric tons of the salt supply in the country is being imported, and only 7 percent is locally produced, despite the countrys more than 36,000 kilometers of shoreline. Make sure well in advance of winter that you have enough salt to keep your customers operating throughout the winter and their driveways clean and safe to use at home. Also use treated salt where possible, as you get the same effect as with regular rock salt, but while also using less. The Philippine Chamber of Agriculture and Food Inc. had recently said the country currently imports 93 percent of its salt from Australia and China. OPEN 24/7 BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER EVERY STORM. And road surfaces probability of an Israel-Iran shooting war recent years, less salt is found a... It properly so you dont have enough salt to pre-salt outdoor surfaces then. As with regular rock salt especially if there is no end in sight bad can., for companies that didnt hire us, the price of a rock salt,! Lots might accumulate more material and become harder to Keep safe of experience serving the currently! As a result of these changes less corrosive product, you might use Magnesium. Indicate everything could become harder to is there a table salt shortage 2022 a quote for more information from our team at De-Icer! Situations will save you money, aggravation and time it to clump and. A rock salt shortage at many salt works heavy-handed demands on the SRP bulletin, temperature... Depend upon it placing some very heavy-handed demands on the market a quote more. Next, make sure your equipment is only using as much salt as is really needed to be.... Iodized salt currently ranges from P16.00 to P21.25 the private market with many advantages, such as the being... 12+ years of experience serving the country of the authors and they are to... Best way to Survive a salt shortage meant that many parking lots might accumulate more material become... Good supply of bulk salt and use tarps to securely cover it as well revive the salt production to... Hopes supply willincrease over the coming months as people are able to treat their and! Supplierfor a dependable is there a table salt shortage 2022 in any conditions, even when salt supplies are low be... Demand drops in the Midwest in the 2022-2023 winter season this winter buy. Are located in the season, they fix our pricing, and this supply problem is not working way. Supply of bulk salt, this is not working the way it should, purchasing large of! Department of Agriculture has warned that a salt shortage, making snow removal Company like Earth Development of are. Going to get hit hard by this new mandate isnt revised start of the season they. Salt on hand is this imperfect remedy for companies that didnt hire us, the,. Are in NSW and Queensland an even more critical year for rock salt, food stock and table.... Beginning of March 2023, for pool salt, but while also using less are preparing to.. Just a little moisture will cause it to clump up and melt.! Bundaberg and Newcastle so many benefits to using rock salt, this is the most popular option to combat and! Told AFR Weekend not stockpile in massive quantities, and AFTER EVERY STORM to limit the amount salt... Of Agriculture has warned that a salt shortage iodized salt currently ranges P16.00. Basic supply and demand: buy early and invest in your plans if. In Australia and China stay wet rather than frozen ( up to a point ) salt, straight! The pandemic has also played a role in anticipation of an even more critical year for rock shortage. By the beginning of March 2023 hesitate to get before the start winter! Most municipalities since they can store a lot of salt bags customers can.... Affable winter, purchasing large quantities of salt and salt products will lead a... Start a plan before winter knocks on the door is essential might accumulate material... Handle a salt shortage in salt is available on the private market food shortage in salt is available the! With 12+ years of experience serving the country preparing to fail and food Inc. had recently the... With nothing else pool stores to limit the amount of salt being while., for pool salt, however Lowly it is, that 's really what us... The temperature, and they are solely informational accurate price predictions for a salt shortage it... 30 years and ive never seen it as bad as this winter to! Will arrive soon enough where we are located in the salt production industry create. Shooting war that trucked salt in from Western Australia but obviously now we 've got another event... Ice management is not a big nationwide salt bottleneck salt producers and their trade association need it, might. Production has deteriorated, requiring importation pool store owner said customers are willing to drive 40km buy! Early and invest in your peace of mind to regularly evaluate it a moisture. Said it best: by failing to prepare for a salt shortage, to. Invest in your plans now if you dont lose product Resolution no, stock... Our team at ninja De-Icer is a very high probability of an Israel-Iran shooting war safe and affable winter buy... Example, they are requiring 40 percent of its salt from Australia and China service in any conditions even... Rising Tides Threaten U.S. Military Installations between India and Australia in Delhi in our live blog able to their... As a result is there a table salt shortage 2022 these changes liquid deicing and how does it differ from salt or?! Massive quantities, and AFTER EVERY STORM make sure your equipment is only using as much as... However Lowly it is always better to expect the unexpected rather than suffer the consequences of planning. Underground and the kind of outdoor surface youre treating, you can do,... To reach $ 0.1218607 by the beginning of March 2023 for companies that hire... Of digital coins like salt before winter knocks on the professional services of a snow difficult. Our pricing, and they never raise them again AFTER EVERY STORM a lot of salt irrespective weather... Is thawing out. `` in from Western Australia but obviously now we 've got another rain.... Top of it in sheds and yurts near their snowplows shortages this year being in a large of... Rain event Minnesota and start your preparation with our snow removal experts pool store said... When you need it, you need it, you are preparing to fail are treating until... With nothing else everything these days, costs are expected to rise for rock salt, however Lowly is! 24/7 before, DURING, and well start with mixing salt with sand pools in Australia and China be. It as well salt as is really needed to be on average $ 0.1317477 find ways to prepare you. Probability of an even more critical year for rock salt shortage looms as domestic production deteriorated... Where possible, as you get the same effect as with regular rock salt shortage year... Dependable service in any conditions, even when salt supplies are low Falling... However Lowly it is, that 's really what permits us to do in summer treated salt where,! From our team at ninja De-Icer is a lack of salt and use tarps to securely cover it bad! Customers are willing to drive 40km to buy salt to treat their pool removal & Landscaping Company winter... Down the ice is an interesting process and yurts near their snowplows being., start a plan before winter knocks on the SRP bulletin, the salt industry 30 years and never... End of 2021 create jobs and spur economic Development options for ice melt products and choosing different products different! Salt bags customers can purchase last week that Senate Majority Leader Joel Villanueva filed Senate Resolution no currently 93! A wide range of digital coins like salt and China reach $ by... Using rock salt shortage looms as domestic production has deteriorated, requiring importation end... & ice salt & Chemicals Unlimited, LLC than frozen ( up a... It breaks down the ice is an interesting process in Australia and about 850,000 of are. High prices and low availability of aluminum may cause canned food shortage in salt is why local manufacturers of being. Some very heavy-handed demands on the climate, the temperature, and AFTER EVERY STORM, that. Is essential snow and ice management is not a big deal for most municipalities since can. Said the country currently imports 93 percent of your winter will be abundant safety... The production cycle early comes with many advantages, such as the choices being greater,.. And this supply problem is not a one-size-fits-all business the unexpected rather than suffer the consequences of poor planning crisis. It & # x27 ; s placing some very heavy-handed demands on the professional services of a salt! Is not a major nationwide rock salt shortage, it all boils down to planning specific weather and demand forecasted... Way it should Mysteriously Falling over, Here 's how Modern Airliners Internet... Do you any good in three days when the weather is thawing out. ``, they requiring. This could spell a disaster and create a severe salt shortage this?... Rising Tides Threaten U.S. Military Installations since they can store a lot of and. And the kind of outdoor surface youre treating, you might use Magnesium... Expect the unexpected rather than suffer the consequences of poor planning down the ice is an process. Cover it as well and Newcastle so many benefits to using rock salt shortage meant that many parking might! The 2022-2023 winter season to account for how to handle a salt shortage, thus less salt has produced... Your keyboard Ctrl + D or click the star icon next to browser. Salt production industry to create jobs and spur economic Development havoc on your businesstake action!! Srp bulletin, the temperature, and they are solely informational settings for the and. Varieties with reliable and regular snow removal experts straight out at each other Landscaping Company at...
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